Comp matching test terms

qualifier

a restriction placed on the claim to state that it may not always be true, a word like sometimes, some, a few, or probably

direct quote

a statement that reproduces someone else's exact words, often cited to provide evidence or support for an argument

toulmin model

a way to evaluate an argument or structure your own argument, a developed six-part model from steven toulmin, anticipate counterarguments and present evidence

1. claim

2. support

3. warrant

4. backing

5. rebuttal

6. qualifiers

pathos

the appeal to emotion

ad hominem

attacking a person instead of their argument

fallacy

a common error in reasoning that will undermine the logic of the argument

common ground

opinions or interests shared by two or more parties, things both sides of an argument can agree on

rogerian

an argument used to build common ground and persuade a hostile audience, follows carl rogers psychotherapy techniques of empathetic listening

paraphrase

putting something someone else says into your own words

hasty generalization

a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence, in other words, rushing to a conclusion before having all of the relevant facts

support

your reasons and examples that prove your issue or claim, both logical (logos) and emotional (pathos)

ethos

the appeal to ethics, trust, credibility

summary

a brief statement or account of the main points of something

slippery slope

taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually undesirable step

logos

the appeal to logic

claim

your main point, thesis, or what you are trying to prove

appeal to tradition

since something has existed for a long time and has become a tradition, it should continue to exist because it is a tradition

warrant

an underlying belief or assumption that the audience and arguer must agree on in order to agree, established a link between the support and the claim

straw man

an attack on a view similar to but not the same as the one your opponent holds/changing

the subject or issue

ad populum

makes an appeal to the prejudices of the people, ex: appeal to patriotism in advertising after

9/11

enthymeme

a shortened syllogism which omits the major premise, allowing the audience to fill it in

syllogism

the most famous logical sequence: a sequence of major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion