A&P final review

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy is the study of body structure, while Physiology is the study of body functions.

What is Gross Anatomy?

Gross Anatomy refers to the study of large structures that are visible to the naked eye.

Define Microscopic Anatomy.

Microscopic Anatomy includes the study of histology (tissues) and cytology (cells).

What is Developmental Anatomy?

Developmental Anatomy studies the changes from fertilization to adulthood, including embryology.

What does the Principle of Complementarity state?

The Principle of Complementarity states that structure and function are closely related.

List the levels of structural organization in the body.

1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organismal.

What are the 8 requirements of life?

1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth.

Explain Multicellularity in humans.

Humans are made of trillions of cells that specialize and rely on organ systems to function cooperatively.

What are the 11 organ systems of the body?

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic/Immune 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive.

What are the 5 survival needs of the body?

1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Atmospheric pressure.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the stable internal environment maintained by the body.

Identify the components of homeostatic control.

1. Receptor 2. Control center 3. Effector.

Differentiate between negative and positive feedback.

Negative feedback reverses change, while positive feedback amplifies change.

What is the anatomical position?

The body is upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart.

Define Superior and Inferior in directional terms.

Superior means above; Inferior means below.

What do Anterior and Posterior mean?

Anterior means front; Posterior means back.

Explain the terms Medial and Lateral.

Medial means toward the midline; Lateral means away from the midline.

Describe Proximal and Distal terms.

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment; Distal means farther from the point of attachment.

Differentiate between Superficial and Deep.

Superficial is toward the surface; Deep is away from the surface.

What are the major body divisions?

The body is divided into Axial (head, neck, trunk) and Appendicular (limbs).

What are the three main body planes?

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal (coronal) 3. Transverse.

What are the components of the Dorsal body cavity?

The Dorsal cavity consists of the Cranial cavity (brain) and Vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

What does the Ventral body cavity contain?

The Ventral cavity contains the Thoracic (heart, lungs) and Abdominopelvic cavities (stomach, intestines, bladder, reproductive organs).

What is the function of Serous Membranes?

Serous membranes reduce friction between organs.

What are the 4 main types of body tissues?

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous.

What are the two classifications of Epithelial cells based on layers?

Simple (one layer) and Stratified (multiple layers).

What are the roles of Glycocalyx?

Cell recognition, protection, and adhesion.

What is the fundamental unit of life?

The cell.

What three parts make up a human cell?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

How is plasma membrane structured?

It's a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

What are the roles of membrane proteins?

Transport, receptor functions, enzymes, cell recognition, attachment to the cytoskeleton/ECM, and intercellular joining.

Define the role of Mitochondria in cells.

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production.

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

ATP acts as the primary energy currency powering cellular work.

Describe the structure of a muscle fiber.

Muscle fibers contain multiple myofibrils, which are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres.

What are the three main types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle tissue.

What is a common feature of all muscle tissues?

They all generate force and produce movement.

Define sarcomere.

The basic contractile unit of muscle fibers consisting of actin and myosin filaments.

What are the two main processes involved in muscle contraction?

Excitation and contraction.

What is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Thin filaments slide over thick filaments resulting in muscle shortening.

What causes muscle fatigue?

Muscle fatigue can result from ionic imbalances, decreased ATP, and lactic acid accumulation.

Explain the role of myosin and actin in muscle contraction.

Myosin binds to actin, forming cross-bridges that result in filament sliding.