Science Photosynthesis + Cellular Respiration Notecards

What was the conclusion of Von Helmont’s willow tree experiment?

Plants don't eat soil

What molecule did Von Helmont discover?

Oxygen

______ in the form of ____ is needed for plants to grow.

Energy / Light

3 Primary wavelengths of electromagnetic waves

Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared

What colors are used by plants?

Blue, Red, Orange

What colors do plants reflect?

Yellow, Green

Plants get most of their matter from_______

Photosynthesis; Carbon Dioxide is absorbed from the air and converted into light.

Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis

6CO_2 + 6H_2O TO C_6H_12O_6 +. 6O_2

Epidermis

A Single cell layer that regulates gas exchange and protects inner leaf tissues

Xylem

A tubule that transports and stores WATER

Phloem

A tubule that transports sugars and PROTEINS

Bundle Sheath Cells

Surround the Tubules

Palisade Mesophyll

Has the highest concentration of Chloroplasts and is the primary site of photosynthesis

Spongy Mesophyll

Porous tissue that provides a site for gas exchange

Stoma

The pores that open and close on a leaf

Guard Cell

Open and close the stoma to allow or block air movement

Cuticle

Prevents leaves from drying out; waxy

What is inside of the Chloroplast

Thylakoids and Stroma

Thylakoids

Flattened disks in the chloroplast. (Light DEPENDENT)

Stroma

The liquid inside of the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids

Grana

Stacks of Thylakoids

Photosystem 2

A photon strikes this, the energy excites electrons in a molecule of water, causing it to split into oxygen and H+ ions.

Photosystem 1

This Absorbs another photon of light, re-energizing the electron, which can be used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH.

What is the order of reactions for photosynthesis?

1. Photosystem 2

2. Electron transport chain

3. Photosystem 1

Electron Transport Chain (Photosynthesis)

The electron passes through; the H+ ions flow through an ATP synthase protein, generating ATP from ADP.

Where is chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b?

Chlorophyll a = Photosystem 1

Chlorophyll b = Photosystem 2

(Carotene in both)

Carotene

Maximizes plants’ absorbsion spectrum

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

The Stroma of the chloroplast

Is the Calvin Cycle light-dependent or light-independent?

Light-Independent

What are the three parts of the Calvin Cycle?

1. Carbon Fixation

2. Reduction

3. Regeneration

Carbon Fixation (Carbon Cycle)

Carbon Dioxide is attached to a 5 carbon molecule called RuBP

Reduction (Carbon Cycle)

ATP is dephosphorylated and NADPH is Oxidized to produce G3P. (2 molecules can make one glucose)

Regeneration

ATP is dephosphorylated to regenerate RuBP to allow the cycle to continue.

The Gateway to Life is_____

Rubisco/RuBP

Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate

Dephosphorylation

Losing a phosphate

The Calvin Cycle makes_____

Glucose

Glucose (a simple sugar) is also a______

Starch

Starch and glucose is stored in______

Amyloplasts

Can be metabolized by the mitochondria of the plant

Starch and glucose

Reduced (Reduction)

When an ELECTRON is ADDED to a compound

Oxidized (Oxidation)

When an ELECTRON is REMOVED from a compound

Transpiration

When plants lose their water because of heat (from the sun). Creates humidity occationally

How do plants minimize TRANSPIRATION

Plants close their stromas on hot days

Photorespiration

In the absence of Carbon Dioxide, the Calvin Cycle takes in oxygen instead

Why is photorespiration wasteful

It trigger the loss of fixed carbon as C0_2, wastes energy, and is considered harmful to plants.

What are the three types of plants that respond to photorespiration

C3, C4, CAM

How do C3 plants minimize photorespiration

They have no adaptations to prevent this process

How do C4 plants minimize photorespiration

Physically separates the light-dependent reactions and Calvin Cycle. Light-independent reactions take place in the spongy mesophyll. Carbon Dioxide is temporarily fixed into organic acids, which are transported to the bundle sheath cells for the Calvin Cycle.

What do CAM Plants do to minimize photorespiration?

Temporarily Separates the light dependent reactions and Calvin Cycle. Carbon Dioxide is fixed into organic acids at night when water loss is diminished. The carbon dioxide is then released slowly during the day into the Calvin Cycle.Done during the day to avoid photorespiration.

The four structures unique to mitochondria and chloroplasts

1. Have inner and outer membranes

2. Possess DNA

3. Ability to process energy

4. Self Replicationg

The Endosymbiosis Theory

Mitochondria and Chloroplast were once independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by another cell, forming the first Eukaryotic System.

What are the two laws of conservation energy?

1. Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only change form.

2. During energy transformation, some energy is given off as heat.

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?

Potential energy is stored withen chemical bonds, can be released as Kinetic energy, which actively works.

Autotrophs receive food by_____

Utilizing sunlight or inorganic Chemicals

(Use Photosynthesis; sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, and Water)

Heterotrophs receive food by________

Digesting macromolecules into smaller components

(Use Cellular Respiration; glucose, oxygen, ATP)

Autotrophs are also knows as______

Producers

Heterotrophs are also known as_____

Consumers

Aerobic

Requires Oxygen

Anaerobic

Does not require oxygen

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No/ It’s anaerobic

Where does Glycolysis take place?

In the cytosol

Inputs for Glycolysis and Outputs for Glycolysis

Inputs:

• 1 Glucose

• 2 ADP

Outputs:

• 2 pyruvate

• 2 ATP

• 2 NADH

Why is the interior membrane of the mitochondria folded up

Maximizes surface area

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria through________

Carrier proteins

Outputs for Pyruvate through Acetyl-CoA

• NADH

• 2 ATP

• 6CO_2

• FADH_2

Outputs of the Electron Transport Chain

Outputs:

• 30 ATP

H_2O

Electron Transport Chain

High energy electrons from NADH and FADH_2 are passed through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane

At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons______

Combine with oxygen and H+ to form water

Chemiosmosis

The H+ ions flow through protein channels called ATP Synthase

What electrons are oxidized in the electron transport chain? What do they become?

1. NADH

To

NAD+

2. FADH_2

To

FAD+

If aerobic respiration is not possible, what molecule must be regenerated for glycolysis?

NAD+

What happens in Alcohol fermentation?

Pyruvate is metabolized into ethanol (Alchohol) and Carbon Dioxide, regenerating NAD+

What happens in Lactic Acid fermentation

Pyruvate is metabolized into lactic acid, regenerating NAD+

How many ATP does fermentation create?

2 (because it is a continuation of glycolysis)

Which comes first?: chlorophyll A or chlorophyll B?

Chlorophyll B

What is broken down in photosystem 2?

H+, H+, and O (Water-H_2O); Oxygen is released

What do plants release in photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What is phosphorylated/reduced in the electron transport chain?

1. ADP to ATP

2. NADP+ to NADPH

What re-energizes H+ electrons?

Photosystem 1

What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle?

Glucose

Rubisco (RuBP) helps____

Break down ATP to ADP

And

NADPH to NADP+

In reduction in the Calvin Cycle

Krebs Cycle is AKA

Citric Acid Cycle

In the Krebs Cycle, Pyruvate becomes______

Acetyl CoA

How many APT does the Krebs Cycle produce?

2 ATP

The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in______

The mitochondria

The Electron Transport Chain takes place in______

The mitochondrea

What is the total # of ATP produced for 1 glucose molecule?

34 ATP

If there isn’t enough oxygen present in the cell, then the pyruvate will become_______

Fermented

What is the formula for Cellular respiration?

C_6H_12O_6  + 6O_2 

To

6H_2O. + 6CO_2 + ATP

The Calvin Cycle uses what to make Glucose (3 Answers)

• ATP

• NADPH

• CO_2

The ____ _____________ is used to generate ATP (molecule)

H+ concentration gradient

What is the function of other pigments, besides the chlorophyll, in the chloroplast?

To absorb different wavelengths than the chloroplasts

Plants use what a reactants to make food?

• Carbon Dioxide

• Water

• Solar Energy

Synthesized means______

Created

Reactants for cellular respiration______

• Glucose

• Oxygen

Lactic Acid causes______

Muscle Fatigue

What molecule accounts for the largest percentage in the mixture of air we breathe?

Nitrogen

What colors do Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B use the best?

Chlorophyll A= blue/violet spectrum

Chlorophyll B = red and blue light

Two molecules of G3P makes one______

Glucose moleule