AP HUG UNIT 3 LANGLEY HIGH WALSH

Absorbing barriers

Barriers that completely halt the diffusion of innovations or cultural elements.

Permeable barriers

Barriers that weaken and slow down diffusion but do not completely stop it.

Acculturation

The process where one culture (usually a less dominant one) adopts traits from another

Assimilation

The process where a less dominant culture loses its own traits and adopts those of a dominant culture.

Transculturation

A two-way cultural exchange where two cultures of equal power interact and exchange ideas and traits.

Polyglot

A person who knows and is able to use several languages.

Cultural hearth

A geographic area where significant cultural innovations

Monotheistic religion

A religion with the belief in one god.

Proselytic religion

A religion that actively seeks converts to its faith

Ethnic group

A group of people who share a similar culture

Race

A social construct based on perceived physical or biological characteristics

Ethnic geography

The study of the migration and spatial distribution of ethnic groups and the resulting cultural landscapes.

Multiculturalism

The policy or belief that different cultural groups should coexist and interact within a single society.

Physical landscape

The natural features of the Earth's surface

Placelessness

The loss of unique characteristics in a landscape

Modernist architecture

An architectural style characterized by a rejection of ornamentation and an embrace of clean lines

Postmodern architecture

An architectural style that emerged as a reaction against modernism

Sacred Spaces

Areas recognized as holy or spiritually significant by a particular religion.

Secular

Relating to worldly or non-religious matters.

Subculture

A cultural group within a larger culture

Sense of place

The feeling or perception that people have for a specific place

Placemaking

The process of creating quality public spaces that contribute to people's health

Secularization

The process through which religion loses social and cultural significance.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages.

Empire

An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between places feels shorter as technology increases rapid communication and interaction.

Endangered languages

Languages that are at risk of falling out of use as their speakers die out or shift to speaking another language.

Extinct language

A language that is no longer spoken.

Glocalization

The process where a global good or idea is adapted to a local market.

Accent

A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language

Toponym

A place name

Animistic religions

Belief systems that attribute a soul or spirit to plants

Polytheistic religion

The belief in multiple gods.

Syncretic religion

A religion that combines elements from different religious traditions.

Orthodox religion

A religion that adheres to established

Catholicism

A branch of Christianity that follows the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

Culture

The shared practices

Cultural traits

A single distinguishing feature of a particular culture.

Cultural relativism

The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than by one's own.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is the most important and correct

Cultural landscapes

The visible human imprint on the land

Sequent occupance

The successive societies that occupy a location

Centripetal forces

Forces that tend to unify people within a country

Centrifugal forces

Forces that tend to pull people apart

Diffusion

The process of a cultural trait or innovation spreading from its hearth outward.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait outward from its hearth.

Contagious diffusion

The rapid

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait from more important people or places to less important ones.

Stimulus expansion

The spread of an underlying idea

Creolization

The process where a pidgin language evolves into a stable

Lingua franca

A language used as a common tongue among speakers of different native languages.

Colonization

The process of a state claiming

Imperialism

The extension of a country's power through colonization or military force.

Urbanization

The process of a population shifting from rural areas to cities.

Globalization

The increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries around the world.

Cultural convergence

The process where cultures become more similar over time.

Cultural divergence

The process where cultures become more different over time.

Language families

Groups of languages that share a common origin.

Indo-European languages

The largest language family in the world

Languages

Systems of communication used by particular communities.

Dialects

Regional variations of a language.

World religions

The major religious traditions practiced around the globe.

Universalizing religions

Religions that actively seek converts

Ethnic religions

Religions that are tied to a specific ethnic group or region.

Gender roles

Socially constructed roles

Cultural hearths

Geographic areas where cultural innovations and practices originated.

Syncretism

The blending of different cultural or religious beliefs.