Genetics Exam 4 - translation and gene regulation unit

polypeptides

mRNA is translated into _____.

structure, function

The polypeptide is the _____, and the protein is the _____.

Mature mRNA

_____ _____ is the final product of transcription of protein coding genes.

nuclear pore, nuclear pore complex

mRNA in Eukaryotes passes through a _____ _____ into the cytoplasm, called the _____ _____ _____.

adaptor

Transportation of the mRNA through the nuclear pore complex occurs with the help of _____ proteins.

tRNA, ribosomes, peptide

_____ works in concert with _____ to translate mRNA into chains of amino acids connected with _____ bonds.

polypeptides, proteins

_____ made by tRNAs and ribosomes can fold and/or combine to make _____.

three, codons

The mRNA is translated into groups of _____ nucleotides called _____, to include a start and a stop.

genetic code

Codons correspond to particular amino acids, referred to as the _____ _____.

degeneracy

Most codons are redundant - _____ of the genetic code.

nonsense, termination

Stop codons are also referred to as _____ or _____ codons.

Amino acids, 20

_____ _____ are found in nature and make up proteins. There are _____ types.

N-terminus

The amino end of the amino acid is referred to as the _____.

C-terminus

The carboxyl end of the amino acid is referred to as the _____.

essential, non-essential

There are two categories of amino acids: _____ and ______.

essential, 9, 10

We need _____ amino acids from our diet, which is generally _____ or _____.

31

NBCI lists _____ different genetic code tables.

polypeptide chains, peptide

Amino acids form _____ _____ which are connected with _____ bonds.

N, C

Amino acid sequences are synthesized and read from _____-terminus to _____-terminus.

tRNAs, stems, loops

_____ are an RNA structure with _____ and _____ in a cloverleaf pattern.

acceptor stem, covalent

tRNAs have an _____ _____ that attaches to an amino acid with a _____ bond.

anticodon

tRNAs have an _____ that recognizes the complementary codon on the mRNA strand

70, 100, transcription

tRNAs are typically _____ to _____ nt long and are modified after _____.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

_____ _____ are enzymes that connect amino acids to tRNAs.

cytoplasm, ATP, covalent

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are found in the _____ of the cell, and use _____ to bind an amino acid to the tRNA with a _____ bond.

wobble position

The third position in the anticodon is referred to as the _____ _____.

Isoacceptor tRNAs

_____ _____ are two different tRNAs that can recognize the same codon even if the wobble position varies.

inosine

tRNAs can contain _____ which is a nucleoside that can bind to A, C, or U.

Ribosomes

_____ are a complex of RNA and proteins that translate mRNA into polypeptide chains.

rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm

Ribosomes are located in the _____ _____ _____ and _____ of a cell.

svedberg units

Ribosomes are made up of different subunits of proteins and rRNA, referred to as the _____ _____ (S).

16S, 18S

The most highly conserved rRNA svedberg units are _____ and _____ - they are present in ALL cellular organisms.

5.8, 28

rRNAs vary from _____S to _____S.

39, 28

Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and rRNA molecules, with two subunits _____S and _____S.

16, 12

Mitochondria have two rRNAs, _____S and _____S.

rrnL

Mitochondrial rRNA 16S is abbreviated as _____.

rrnS

Mitochondrial rRNA 12S is abbreviated as _____.

1,500

Mitochondrial rRNA 16S is ~_____ bp long.

1,000

Mitochondrial rRNA 12S is ~_____ bp long

initiation, elongation, termination

Give the three stages of translation.

fMet

When initiating translation in bacteria, tRNA recognizes a start codon AUG with amino acid _____.

IF1, IF2, IF3

Initiation of translation in bacteria relies on initiation factors _____, _____, and _____.

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

Binding of bacteria translation initiation is facilitated by the _____-_____ _____.

Met

When initiating translation in Eukaryotes, tRNA recognizes a start codon AUG with amino acid _____.

elF1-6

Initiation of translation in Eukaryotes relies on initiation factor _____.

elF4, 5-methylguanosine

Initiation factor _____ of Eukaryotic translation recognizes the _____-_____ cap.

Kozak's

If there are multiple AUG (start) codons in Eukaryotic mRNA, conditions tend to follow _____ rules.

A, P, E

In elongation, there are 3 sites in the ribosome, which are _____, _____, and _____.

aminoacyl-tRNAs

The "A" site of the ribosome during the elongation stage of translation refers to ______-_____ (charged), which bind to the ribosomal site.

peptidyl transfer

The "P" site of the ribosome during the elongation stage of translation refers to _____ _____.

translocation, P, A

Peptidyl transfer in the ribosome during the elongation stage of translation refers to the _____ of _____ and _____ sites.

exiting

The "E" site of the ribosome during the elongation stage of translation refers to the uncharged tRNAs _____ the ribosome.

stop

Termination is characterized by a _____ codon in mRNA.

RF1-3

The termination release factor in bacteria is _____.

eRF1, eRF2

The termination release factors in Eukaryotes are _____ and _____.

tetracycline

During translation, _____ blocks tRNAs from binding to the ribosome site.

streptomycin

During translation, _____ blocks tRNA ro causes incorrect anticodon/mRNA pairing .

chloramphenicol

During translation, _____ interferes with translocation.

Lamarck

_____'s theory of inheritance suggests that adaptations in an organism are passed down to its offspring (e.g., giraffes used to have short necks)

gene expression

In bacteria, the level of _____ _____ can vary under different conditions.

metabolism, environmental stress, cell division

Some common conditions that regulate gene expression in bacteria are _____, response to _____ _____, and _____ _____.

constitutive

Unregulated genes in bacteria are referred to as _____ genes.

cis, upstream

_____-regulatory modules are typically _____ of transcribed region.

repressor

The _____ protein in bacteria binds to DNA and stops transcription.

corepressor

The _____ in bacteria is a small molecule that binds to a repressor protein, causing the protein to bind to DNA.

activator

The _____ protein in bacteria binds to DNA and increases the rate of transcription.

inducer

The _____ in bacteria is a small molecule that prevents the repressor from binding OR causes the activator to bind to DNA.

inhibitor

The _____ in bacteria prevents an activator from binding to DNA.

operon

The _____ in bacteria is a group of two or more genes that are under the transcriptional control of a single promoter.

lac operon, three

The _____ _____ in bacteria has a CAP site, promoter, operator site, and _____ protein coding genes.

lac genes, galactose, glucose

The _____ _____ in bacteria produce proteins that transport lactose into the cell and break it down into _____ and _____.

CAP

The _____ in bacteria recognizes the activator protein.

operator

The _____ in bacteria is the site where the repressor binds.

LacI

The _____ gene in. bacteria produces the lac repressor.

allolactose

When _____ is present in bacteria, the repressor is not active.

is not

The lac repressor in bacteria is/is not active in the presence of lactose; allows cell to produce proteins necessary to break down lactose

transcription, translation

Riboswitches can regulate _____ and _____ in bacteria.

riboswitch

A _____ is a segment of RNA that accepts a small molecule that causes different RNA structures in bacteria.

thiamin pyrophosphate, B1

One example of a riboswitch is _____ _____, which is an active form of vitamin _____.

GTF

In Eukaryotes, transcription is initiated by _____s.

five

General transcription factors in Eukaryotes consist of _____ proteins.

TFIID

_____, involved in gene regulation in Eukaryotes, binds to the TATA box.

II, preinitiation complex

During gene regulation in Eukaryotes, the four GTFs that do not bind to the TATA box associate to RNA polymerase _____ to form a _____ _____.

TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIH, initiation

During gene regulation in Eukaryotes, GTFs _____, _____, and _____ release after _____.

TFIIF, helicase

During gene regulation in Eukaryotes, GTF _____ acts as a _____ to unwind DNA.

regulatory transcription

Transcription in Eukaryotes is regulated by _____ ______ factors.

activator, enhancer

The _____ is a regulatory transcription factor in Eukaryotes that enhances the rate of transcription by binding to an _____.

repressor, silencer

The _____ is a regulatory transcription factor in Eukaryotes that prevents transcription by binding to a ______.

up, down

Increased transcription is called _____ regulation, while decreased transcription is called _____ regulation.

motifs

Transcription factors in Eukaryotes have different _____.

domain

Motifs are related to the function of the part (or _____) of a protein.

helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, leucine zipper

There are three types of motifs in Eukaryotic transcription. They are _____-_____-_____, _____ _____, and _____ _____.

TFIID, coactivator

GTF _____ can help regulate transcription, relying on a _____.

transcription, steroid receptor

Steroid hormones can regulate _____ by binding to a transcription factor called the _____ _____.

histone, acetyltranferase

_____ modification regulates transcription by histone _____.

acetyl, COCH3

During histone modification, a(n) _____ group (_____) is attached by an enzyme to the histone side chain.

epigenetics

Histone modification can be an example of _____.

epigenetics, reversible

_____ are changes in gene expression that can be inherited and are _____.

methylation

Epigenetic changes can occur from _____ (attachment of methyl group to cytosine, becomes 5-methylcytosine)

DNA methyltransferase

Epigenetic changes from methylation occur through the enzyme _____ _____.