social identity

What are the two aspects of our personality?

personal identity

social identity

What is personal identity?

the map of the self

What is social identity?

group based identity

What can the self-concept depend on?

values attached to the social groups we are apart of and emotional significance to the membership

What are in groups?

groups we belong to

How can we achieve our motivated positive self-concept?

social identity

(if we see our in-group negatively, we have poor social identity and low self esteem)

What is intergroup bias?

preference to see our group as better than other groups

Who worked on social identity in terms of intergroup bias and self-concepts?

Tajfel and Turner (1979)

Who did the minimal group paradigm research?

Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, and Flament

What did the minimal group paradigm aim to investigate?

the minimal conditions/ starting point of discrimination

What was the procedure in the minimal group paradigm?

48 boys allocated to one of 2 groups- Klee or Kandinsky

identity of other group members kept unknown

asked to allocate points (money) to unknown ingroup and outgroup members as reward of participation

What were the findings in the minimal group paradigm?

tendency to allocate more points to own group and out group (intergroup bias)

even regardless of meaningless categories, no interaction of groups, no ‘group history’, no personal gain

What were the findings in the minimal group paradigm regarding minimal conditions for discrimination?

the starting point of discrimination is categorisation 

What research best supports intergroup bias regarding social identity?

minimal group paradigm

What is the most basic form of group identification?

categorisation

What is the starting point but not an explanation for prejudice?

categorisation 

What is the self- esteem hypothesis?

intergroup discrimination increases self-esteem

low self-esteem increased intergroup discrimination

(reciprocal relationship between intergroup discrimination and self-esteem)

What is intergroup discrimination?

different treatment of member of different groups (in or out groups) where it is often tried to positively distinguish your own group from others 

What study supports the self-esteem hypothesis?

Oakes and Turner (1980)

What did Oakes and Turner (1980) find?

participants who showed intergroup discrimination (allocate more resources to their in-group) showed higher self-esteem

Who supported the self-esteem hypothesis regarding low self-esteem? What did they find?

Crocker and Schwartz (1985)

participants with low self-esteem showed more discrimination than those with high self-esteem

Who criticised the self-esteem hypothesis regarding low self-esteem? What did they find?

Abrams (1982)

Participants with high self-esteem showed more discrimination and intergroup bias than those with low self-esteem

What is a limitation of research into social identity theory regarding distinguishing? 

many studies fail to distinguish between in-group favouritism and out-group derogation

What is out-group derogation?

undermining or putting down the outgroup 

What is a limitation of research into social identity theory regarding ethnicity? 

group membership may be more important to minorities but less important to majorities

What is BIRGing (basking in reflected glory)?

cognitive process where we enhance our self-esteem by associating ourselves with the success of others/ a group 

How can we enhance social identity?

BIRGing

Give an example of BIRGing.

2022 England Women’s football wining Euros

How did Cialdini, Borden and Thorne (1976) research enhancing social identity?

observed American college students during inter-college football season

found students wore more clothes with college team insignias on when they won matches and less when they lost

BIRGing

What is CORFing? (Boen et al 2002)

cutting off reflective failure

if the group is dong badly, we reduce our identification with the group

this avoids having negative self-esteem from the group

What is self-categorising theory?

identity shift from an individual identity to a social/ group identity where we adopt the salient group’s prototypical norms, behaviours and values

What is the complimentary/ sister theory to social identity theory?

self-categorisation theory

What is depersonalisation?

process in which we see ourselves as interchangeable exemplars of a social group as we define our self-concept less on our personal identity 

What is in-group norm manipulation?

changing or presenting a groups norms as different 

How did Jetten, Spears, and Manstead (1997) research identity shifts?

divided participants into 2 groups 

told participants the other in-group members are usually fair or discriminatory (in-group norm manipulation)

told participants to them allocate researches between these groups 

What did Jetten, Spears, and Manstead (1997) research find?

when the norm was fair, there was less intergroup bias but when the norm was discriminatory, there was more intergroup bias

therefore, individual identity not guiding behaviour but instead group identity is