Alterations of the Cardiovascular System

These flashcards cover key concepts related to alterations in the cardiovascular system, focusing on heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and related conditions.

Which of the following are the two main types of heart disease referred to in the lecture?
A. Cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease.
B. Peripheral artery disease and cerebrovascular disease.
C. Valvular heart disease and congenital heart disease.
D. Ischemic heart disease and coronary heart disease.

D. Ischemic heart disease and coronary heart disease.

What is the ranking of heart disease as a leading cause of death in Canada?
A. The leading cause.
B. The 3rd leading cause.
C. The 4th leading cause.
D. The 2nd leading cause.

D. The 2nd leading cause.

According to 2017-2018 data, approximately how many Canadian adults aged 20 and older live with diagnosed heart disease?
A. 3.2 million.
B. 1.5 million.
C. 2.6 million.
D. 4.0 million.

C. 2.6 million Canadian adults aged 20 and older.

For adults with diagnosed heart disease, what is their death rate compared to those without?
A. 3.5 times higher.
B. 2.9 times higher.
C. 4.0 times higher.
D. 1.5 times higher.

B. 2.9 times higher for those with diagnosed heart disease.

In terms of heart attacks, how do men compare to women?
A. Men are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack than women.
B. Men are slightly less likely to suffer a heart attack than women.
C. Women are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack than men.
D. Men are equally as likely to suffer a heart attack as women.

A. Men are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack than women.

On average, how much younger are men diagnosed with heart disease compared to women?
A. About 15 years younger.
B. About 10 years younger.
C. About 5 years younger.
D. About the same age.

B. Men are diagnosed about 10 years younger than women.

Which of the following is considered a key lifestyle change to reduce the risk of heart disease?
A. Ignoring weight management.
B. Consuming a high-fat diet.
C. Being smoke-free.
D. Limiting physical activity.

C. Being smoke-free.

What is the primary role of early detection in reducing heart disease risk?
A. It only applies to genetic forms of heart disease.
B. It provides a cure for all types of heart disease.
C. It allows for management of conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
D. It eliminates the need for any lifestyle changes.

C. It allows for management of conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

Atherosclerosis is best defined as a chronic inflammatory response to lipid accumulation in arterial walls, which leads to:
A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
B. Viral infections and sepsis.
C. Autoimmune disorders and allergies.
D. Coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and peripheral artery disease (PAD).

D. Coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?
A. High cholesterol.
B. Age.
C. Smoking.
D. Physical inactivity.

B. Age.

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the four steps of atherosclerosis progression?
A. Endothelial damage, fatty streaks/plaque, fibrous plaque, and complicated plaque & thrombus formation.
B. Complicated plaque, fibrous plaque, fatty streaks, endothelial damage.
C. Fibrous plaque, endothelial damage, fatty streaks, complicated plaque.
D. Fatty streaks, fibrous plaque, endothelial damage, complicated plaque.

A. Endothelial damage, fatty streaks/plaque, fibrous plaque, and complicated plaque & thrombus formation.

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
A. Asymptomatic presentation.
B. Myocardial infarction.
C. Acute appendicitis.
D. Angina pectoris.

C. Acute appendicitis.

Typical angina is characterized by:
A. Sharp, localized pain unrelated to activity.
B. Pain in the legs during rest.
C. Chest pain with exertion due to coronary obstruction.
D. Chest pain relieved by eating.

C. Chest pain with exertion due to coronary obstruction.

What is the key distinction between stable and unstable angina?
A. Stable angina occurs with exertion; unstable angina can occur at rest and is more dangerous.
B. Stable angina occurs at rest, while unstable angina occurs with exertion.
C. Unstable angina is typically relieved by rest, while stable angina is not.
D. Stable angina is always more severe than unstable angina.

A. Stable angina occurs with exertion; unstable angina can occur at rest and is more dangerous.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as:
A. A temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
B. Ischemic necrosis of part of the heart muscle due to total occlusion of a coronary artery.
C. Genetic defect causing irregular heart rhythm.
D. Inflammation of the heart lining due to infection.

B. Ischemic necrosis of part of the heart muscle due to total occlusion of a coronary artery.

Which of the following are the two types of myocardial infarction (MI) mentioned?
A. Left-sided MI and right-sided MI.
B. Transmural (STEMI) and subendocardial (non-STEMI).
C. Atrial MI and ventricular MI.
D. Stable MI and unstable MI.

B. Transmural (STEMI) and subendocardial (non-STEMI).

What are common clinical manifestations of a myocardial infarction?
A. Fever, rash, joint pain, and weight loss.
B. Increased blood pressure, bradycardia, and increased urinary output.
C. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.
D. Pain similar to angina but more severe, pallor, sweating, dyspnea, and hypotension.

D. Pain similar to angina but more severe, pallor, sweating, dyspnea, and hypotension.

What is infective endocarditis?
A. A blockage in a major coronary artery.
B. Inflammation of the myocardium due to an autoimmune response.
C. Inflammation of the pericardium.
D. Inflammation of the endocardium including valves caused by infection.

D. Inflammation of the endocardium including valves caused by infection.

What are major risk factors for infective endocarditis?
A. Type 2 diabetes.
B. Hypertension.
C. IV drug use.
D. Obesity.

C. IV drug use.

Identify the clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis.
A. Dry cough, muscle weakness, and hair loss.
B. Jaundice, abdominal distension, and pedal edema.
C. Acute confusion, seizures, and rash.
D. Fever, malaise, new murmur, Roth's spots, Osler's nodes, and splinter hemorrhages.

D. Fever, malaise, new murmur, Roth's spots, Osler's nodes, and splinter hemorrhages.

What is the key feature of pericarditis?
A. Ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle.
B. Damage to the heart valves due to rheumatic fever.
C. Inflammation of the pericardium, which can lead to effusion.
D. Inflammation of the endocardium.

C. Inflammation of the pericardium, which can lead to effusion.

List some common causes of heart failure (HF).
A. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
B. Hyperthyroidism, gallstones, and appendicitis.
C. CAD, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and hypertension.
D. Hypothyroidism, kidney stones, and seasonal allergies.

C. CAD, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and hypertension.

What is the definition of preload in relation to cardiac function?
A. The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
B. Ventricular stretching at the end of diastole, determined by venous return.
C. The force of myocardial contraction.
D. The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.

B. Ventricular stretching at the end of diastole, determined by venous return.

What is cardiac output (CO) and how is it calculated?
A. The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction, calculated as systolic pressure - diastolic pressure.
B. The volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, calculated as SV = CO / HR.
C. The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute, calculated as CO = HR \times SV.
D. The rate at which the heart beats, calculated as HR = CO / SV.

C. The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute, calculated as CO = HR \times SV.

What factors can affect stroke volume?
A. Body temperature and hydration.
B. Heart rate only.
C. Preload, afterload, and contractility.
D. Blood type and age.

C. Preload, afterload, and contractility.

What is the significance of hypertension in relation to cardiovascular health?
A. It exclusively causes kidney failure.
B. It primarily improves vascular elasticity.
C. It only affects peripheral circulation, not the heart.
D. It can lead to target organ damage, including heart failure, CAD, and strokes.

D. It can lead to target organ damage, including heart failure, CAD, and strokes.

What are the risk factors for developing hypertension?
A. Abundant sleep, vegetarian diet, and hydration.
B. Age, gender, family history, obesity, high salt intake, physical inactivity, and stress.
C. Childhood infections, vitamin deficiencies, and dental hygiene.
D. Regular moderate exercise, low sodium diet, and healthy weight.

B. Age, gender, family history, obesity, high salt intake, physical inactivity, and stress.

What is Virchow’s triad in relation to thrombus formation?
A. Dehydration, fever, and infection.
B. High cholesterol, inflammation, and genetic predisposition.
C. Low blood pressure, arterial spasm, and hypocoagulability.
D. Stasis of blood flow, vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability.

D. Stasis of blood flow, vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability.

What symptoms are associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Numbness in the fingers and toes.
B. Headache and blurred vision.
C. Swelling and pain in the calf, Homan's sign.
D. Chest pain and dyspnea.

C. Swelling and pain in the calf, Homan's sign.

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism (PE)?
A. Severe abdominal pain and jaundice.
B. Dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and cyanosis.
C. Bradycardia and hypotension.
D. Joint swelling and fever.

B. Dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and cyanosis.