[incomplete - cluster a personlity disorder] AP Psychology | Unit 5 Mental & Physical Health

Diagnostic and Statisitical Manual of Mental Health, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)

comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose & categorize mental disorders

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

global standard for reporting & categorizing diseases, including mental & behavioral disorder

Deviation

departure from accepted social behaviors & cultural expectations, used to identify & diagnose disorders

Distress

intense & prolonged emotional suffering that impairs daily functioning

Dysfunction

disruption in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that impairs significantly ability to perform normal daily activites

Stigma

negative stereotypes and social disapproval directed at individuals with mental disorders, leading to discrimination & barriers to receiving care

Biological Perspective

mental disorders caused by physiological and genetic factors, how brain & genetics contribute to psychological conditions

Behavioral Perspective

mental disorders arise from learned behaviors & associations how reinforcement lead to psychological issues

Psychodynamic Perspective

mental disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

mental disorders arise when individuals innate potential for self fulfilment is blocked

Cognitive Perspective

mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thought processes

Evolutionary Perspective

mental disorders can arise from behaviors and thoughts that are maladaptive, reducing chances of survival

Sociocultural Perspective

mental disorders stem from maladaptive social & cultural relationships & dynamics

Eclectic Approach

combining techniques & theories from multiple therapeutic orientations

Biopsychosocial Model

disorders result from cmoplex interaction bwtween biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Diathesis-Stress Model

arise from predisposed genetic vulnerability with environmental factors

Anxiety Disorders

characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that lead to significant disturbances in behavior

Specific Phobia

psychological disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear of specific object or situation

Acrophobia

intense and persistent fear of heights

Arachnophobia

intense and irrational fear of spiders

Agoraphobia

intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable

Panic Disorder

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

Attaque de nervios

episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions of emotion

Social Anxiety Disorder

significant and persistent fear of social situations where embarassment or scrutiny may occur

Taijin Kyofusho

predonominantly observed in Japan, chracterized by an intense fear of offending or embarassing others through one’s bodily functions or appearance

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of daily life accompanied by physical symptoms

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

Hoarding Disorder

persistent difficulty discarding or parting with posessions

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

involve psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, characterized by symptoms such as hypervigilance, etc. which impair daily functioning

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

persistent mental and emotional stress following exposure to a traumatic event, featuring symptoms such as intrusive memories, etc.

Depressive Disorders

characterized by persistent sad, empyu, or irritable mood accompanied by physical and cognitive changes, impairing a person’s ability to function in daily activities

Major Depressive Disorder

pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self esteem and loss of interest in activites

Persistent Depressive Disorder

chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least 2 years, with two months of symptoms

Bipolar Disorders

characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression, with bipolar cycling involving shifts between mood states

Bipolar 2 Disorder

charcaaterized by at least 1 hypomania episode and one major depressive episode, without ever having full manic episode, leading to significant distress or impairment

Bipolar 1 Disorder

characterized by at least one mani episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes causing significant impairment

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

group of disorders that begin in the developmental period, characterized by symptoms that affect behavior, learning, and devleopment

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, and/or hyperactivity impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development, leading to difficulty maintaining focus, etc.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Feeding and Eating Disorders

altered consumption or absorption of food, leading to significant impairment in health and psychological functioning

Anorexia Nervosa

restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image, significant weight loss & health complications

Bulimia Nervosa

recurrent episode of binge eating followed by vomiting or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain causing signfiicant distress

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

characterized by delusions, halllucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, and can be experienced as either acture or chronic conditions

schizophrenia

psychological disorder chracterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, significantly impairing daily functioning & lasting for at least 6 months

Positive Symptoms

additional behaviors no in healthy individuals

Negative Symptoms

deficits in normal emotional

Delusions

false beliefs strongly held despite clear evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences without external stimuli, most commonly involving hearing voices that others do not hear

Disorganized Thinking or Speech

incoherent or nonsensical speech patterns reflecting disordered thought processes

Disorganized Motor Behavior

abnormal or erratic movements such as excessive agitation, bizarre postures, significantly impacting daily functioning

Flat Affect

severe reduction in emotional expressiveness, where the individual shows little or no facial expression, voice tone, or emotional reaction

Dopamine Hypothesis

suggests that the disorder is linked to an imbalance of dopamine activity in the brain, with excessive dopamine activity

Dissociative Disorders

charcterized by disruptions or discontinuities in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning

Dissociative Amnesia

involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

Dissociative Identity Disorder

pressure of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving & interacting with the world

Personality Disorders

enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that deviate markedly from cultural experiences

Cluster A Personality Disorders