HBS109 - Anatomy and Physiology Seminar 1

What is anatomy?

The study of body structure

What is physiology?

The study of body function

What are the levels of structural organisation of the human body?

Chemical; cellular; tissue; organ; organ system; organismal

What are the organ systems of the human body?

Integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic; respiratory; digestive; urinary; male reproductive; female reproductive

What is the chemical level of organisation?

Atoms and molecules forming the basic building blocks of the body

What is the cellular level of organisation?

Cells that carry out basic life processes

What is the tissue level of organisation?

Groups of similar cells performing a common function

What is the organ level of organisation?

Two or more tissue types working together for a specific function

What is the organ system level of organisation?

Multiple organs working together to perform major body functions

What is the organism level of organisation?

The complete living individual formed by all organ systems

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Towards the front of the body

What does posterior mean?

Towards the back of the body

What is dorsal?

The back

What does superior (cranial) mean?

Towards the head or upper part of the body

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

Towards the feet or lower part of the body

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline of the body

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment

What does distal mean?

Further from the trunk or point of attachment

What does superficial mean?

Towards the surface of the body

What does deep mean?

Away from the surface of the body

What are the three main planes of the body?

Sagittal; frontal (coronal); transverse

What does the sagittal plane divide?

Left and right portions

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

Anterior and posterior portions

What does the transverse plane divide?

Superior and inferior portions

What is a midsagittal plane?

A sagittal plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

What is the cephalic region?

Head

What is the cervical region?

Neck

What is the thoracic region?

Chest

What is the abdominal region?

Abdomen

What is the pelvic region?

Pelvis

What is the brachial region?

Upper arm

What is the antebrachial region?

Forearm

What is the carpal region?

Wrist

What is the femoral region?

Thigh

What is the patellar region?

Front of knee

What is the popliteal region?

Back of knee

What is the crural region?

Lower leg

What is the tarsal region?

Ankle

What is the plantar region?

Sole of foot

What is the dorsal region?

Back

What is the gluteal region?

Buttock

What structures make up the integumentary system?

Skin; hair; nails

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Protection and sensory reception

What structures make up the skeletal system?

Bones; cartilage; joints

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Support and movement with muscles

What structures make up the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles; tendons

What is the function of the muscular system?

Movement and heat production

What structures make up the nervous system?

Brain; spinal cord; peripheral nerves

What is the function of the nervous system?

Detects sensory information and activates responses

What structures make up the endocrine system?

Pituitary; thyroid; pancreas; adrenal glands; gonads

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Secretes hormones to regulate body processes

What structures make up the cardiovascular system?

Heart; blood vessels

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports oxygen, nutrients and heat

What structures make up the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes; lymph vessels; spleen; thymus

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

What structures make up the respiratory system?

Nasal passages; trachea; lungs

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

What structures make up the digestive system?

Stomach; liver; gall bladder; small intestine; large intestine

What is the function of the digestive system?

Digests food, absorbs nutrients and removes waste

What structures make up the urinary system?

Kidneys; urinary bladder

What is the function of the urinary system?

Removes wastes and regulates water balance

What structures make up the male reproductive system?

Testes; epididymis; associated ducts

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

Produces sperm and male hormones

What structures make up the female reproductive system?

Ovaries; uterus; mammary glands

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

Produces eggs and hormones; supports fetus; produces milk

Solubility

Water dissolves many substances, allowing nutrients, gases, and wastes to be transported in body fluids.

Reactivity

Water participates in many chemical reactions in the body, such as hydrolysis and dehydration reactions.

High heat capacity

Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes, helping stabilise body temperature.

Lubrication

Water reduces friction between surfaces (e.g., joints, organs, saliva, mucus).

What are the four properties of water that make it essential to living?

solubility, high heat capacity, lubrication, reactivity

What is high PH and low PH

Low PH - Acidic solution with a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺)

High PH- Basic (alkaline) solution with a low concentration of hydrogen ions and more hydroxide ions (OH⁻)