Key Events and Figures in Russian and Italian Revolutions

1905 Revolution

First revolution to overthrow the czar in Russia.

Bloody Sunday

Massacre of peaceful protesters by Tsar's guard.

State Duma

Legislative body established after the 1905 Revolution.

March 1917 Revolution

Revolution triggered by military failures and strikes.

Provisional Government

Temporary government formed after the March Revolution.

Alexander Kerensky

Leader of the Provisional Government in Russia.

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks, returned from exile.

Soviets

Councils representing workers' interests in Russia.

Land, Bread, Peace

Bolshevik slogan promising reforms to peasants.

New Economic Policy

Lenin's policy allowing small private businesses.

Czarist Russia

Autocratic rule with no political freedoms.

Nicholas II

Last czar of Russia, ruled from 1894-1917.

Rasputin

Mystic who influenced the Russian royal family.

Whites vs Reds

Civil war factions: anti-communists vs communists.

Stalin

Leader who purged educated individuals in USSR.

Collectivization

Merging individual farms into collective farms.

Gulag

Labor camps in the Soviet Union.

Fascism

Authoritarian nationalism opposing Marxism and communism.

Mussolini

Italian dictator who established fascism.

Lateran Pacts

Agreement between Mussolini and the Vatican.

March on Rome

1922 event leading to Mussolini's rise to power.

Peter the Great

Tsar who modernized Russia in the 18th century.

Bolsheviks

Radical socialist group led by Lenin.

Mensheviks

Moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party.

Trotsky

Lenin's ally and later opponent of Stalin.

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiography outlining his ideology.

Beer Hall Putsch

Failed coup attempt by Hitler in 1923.

Weimar Republic

Democratic government in Germany post-WWI.

Hyperinflation

Rapid increase in prices in post-WWI Germany.

Tripartite Pact

1940 alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Manchuria

Region invaded by Japan in 1931.

Rape of Nanking

Mass killings committed by Japan in China.

Dawes Plan

US plan to help Germany with reparations.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 agreement to outlaw war.

Spanish Civil War

Conflict between Republicans and Nationalists in Spain.

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator of Spain from 1939.

King Alfonso XIII

King of Spain overthrown in 1931.

Kulak

Wealthy peasants resisting collectivization.

Totalitarianism

Government with total control over society.

Fasces

Symbol of authority in fascist ideology.

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia during Italian invasion.

Social Revolutionaries

Political movement aiming to overthrow the czar.

Stimson Doctrine

US policy refusing to recognize territorial changes.

Nazi Party

Political party led by Hitler in Germany.

Antocrat

Ruler with absolute power, like a czar.

War Communism

Economic system during the Russian Civil War.

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan's plan to dominate Asia.