Biology Final-Study Guide

Carbohydrates

The primary source of energy for the human body.

Cell

The basic unit of life.

Mitochondria

The organelle responsible for energy production in cells.

Nucleotides

The components that DNA is composed of.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell.

Proteins

Macromolecule primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions.

Mitosis

The process by which cells divide to produce identical daughter cells.

Gene

The smallest unit of genetic information.

Protein synthesis

The primary function of the ribosome.

Plasma membrane

The semi-permeable membrane surrounding a cell.

Hydrogen bond

The bond that holds together two strands of DNA.

DNA

The molecule that carries genetic information.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell.

Osmosis

The process involving the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Amino acids

The building blocks that make up proteins.

Protein

Enzymes are a type of this macromolecule.

Golgi body

The part of the cell involved in packaging and transport of proteins.

Photosynthesis

The function of chloroplasts.

Long-term energy storage

The primary use of lipids in the body.

Chromosome

A structure of DNA and protein.

Meiosis

Process that describes the production of gametes.

Waste breakdown

The function of lysosome.

Phospholipids

The main structural component of cell membranes.

CO₂

Not used to make glucose in photosynthesis.

Ability to move

Not a characteristic of all living organisms.

Circulatory system

The organ system responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients in the body.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The stages of MITOSIS in the correct order.

Genetics

The study of heredity and variation in organisms.

Telophase

The phase where the cytoplasm pinches in the middle with even amounts of DNA on each side.

Nucleus

The structure that controls all cell processes, including cell reproduction.

Nucleic acids

The macromolecule responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Excretory

The organ system responsible for waste removal from the blood.

Centriole

The organelle that plays a role in cell division.

Passive transport

The process where food particles move through a cell membrane without using energy.

Diffusion

The process where particles move randomly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Large central vacuole

This distinguishes plant cells from animal cells.

Chloroplasts

The structure found only in plant cells.

Ribosomes

What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough.

Respiratory

The system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the atmosphere.

Lungs

The organ that is the site of gas exchange between the body and the environment.

Shivering

One feedback mechanism for how the body responds to cold weather.

Help eliminate body wastes

What the skin, lungs, and kidneys work together to do.

Conducting messages to coordinate body functions

The primary function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms

The structural organization from the simplest to the most complex.

Blue eyes

An example of an inherited trait.

Homologous structures

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor.

50%

Probability of one offspring having long hair in a heterozygous (Ss) x homozygous (ss) cross.

1831

The year Charles Darwin set out on his voyage on the HMS Beagle.

Alfred Wallace

The scientist who came to the same conclusions as Darwin and forced him to publish his findings.

Skeletal

The system that supports the body, protects internal organs, and makes blood cells.

Cytokinesis

The process during which the cytoplasm splits in two.

Cardiac, skeletal & smooth

The three types of muscles that make up the muscular system.

Digestive

The body system that breaks down food into nutrients.

Muscular

The body system that works with the skeletal system to help you move.

Carry oxygen

NOT a function of white blood cells.

Two, identical

Mitosis produces this type of daughter cells.

Interphase

The phase where the cell grows and DNA replicates.

46

The number of chromosomes in a human cell.

Homozygous

The genotype for an individual to be considered 'purebred' for a trait.

Analogous structures

Body parts in different species that have similar functions but evolved independently.

Fossil

Any preserved body part, excrement, or impression of an organism that lived in the distant past.

Sex; Y

Determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome in humans.

Prophase

The phase during which the nuclear membrane of the cell disappears.

Parent's genotypes

What the two sets of letters on the outside of the Punnett square represent.

Female

What the circles in a pedigree represent.

Carrier

A person who has one recessive allele for a trait but does not have the trait.

Common Ancestry

The idea that all species are connected through a single organism that existed in the distant past.

Phenotype

The observable characteristic of an organism.

Vestigial structures

Parts of an organism that have lost some or all of their original function due to evolution.

Incomplete dominance

When neither trait is fully dominant and a blend of both traits is shown.

Artificial selection

The process where humans intentionally choose specific advantageous traits for breeding.

Robert Hooke

The first person to view cells under a microscope.

Different versions of the same gene

What alleles are.

Bottleneck Effect

A phenomenon where a population is reduced in size due to natural disasters or habitat loss.

Codominance

When both traits are dominant and both are expressed.

Recessive

The weaker form of a gene, represented by a lowercase letter.

Gregor Mendel

The father of modern genetics.

23

The number of chromosomes in a human sex cell.

Reproduction

An organism's ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First person to view bacteria under a microscope, known as the Father of Microbiology.

Doing algebra

An example of an acquired trait.

Heresy

The crime that prevented Darwin from sharing his findings until Wallace forced his hand.

Survival of the fittest

Darwin's idea about survival and reproduction success.

Cells cannot change over time

NOT part of the cell theory.

Karyotype

An individual's complete set of chromosomes in picture form.

Butterflies

Darwin did NOT observe this species on the Galapagos Islands.

Golgi

The organelle that packages and ships substances in the cell.

Oxygen needed for cellular respiration

Fermentation occurs when a cell can't get this.

Heredity

The process of passing genetic traits from parent to offspring.

True

Photosynthesis happens in chloroplasts and cellular respiration happens in mitochondria.

True

On a pedigree, siblings are shown by a line connecting each individual at the center.

ATP

The energy form that organisms break down glucose to make.

Diffusion is an example of passive transport

Correctly describes passive transport.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Examples of active transport.

False

One of the roles of the endocrine system is to serve as a barrier between the body and the natural world.

True

In a pedigree, the square shapes represent males.

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

What describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane structure.

Cell membrane

The outer boundary of an animal cell.

Stimulus

A change in an organism's environment that affects its activities.

True

The phospholipid bilayer has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections.