In Class Notes 9/5: X-Linked Disorders and Genetic Vulnerability

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X-Linked Disorders

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21 Terms

1

X-Linked Disorders

Genetic disorders carried on the X chromosome, making males more vulnerable due to having only one X chromosome.

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2

Hemophilia

A bleeding disorder where the blood doesn't clot properly, an example of an X-linked disorder.

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3

Color Blindness

A condition where a person has difficulty perceiving certain colors, classified as an X-linked disorder.

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4

Genetic Expression

The process by which the information in a gene's DNA is converted into a functional product, such as a protein.

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5

Dominant Gene

A gene that will always be expressed if an individual has one copy of it.

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6

Recessive Gene

A gene that is only expressed if an individual has two copies of it.

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7

Carrier

An individual who has a recessive gene that is not visible in their phenotype but can pass it on to offspring.

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8

Punnett Square

A tool used to predict the probability of certain traits being passed down to offspring.

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9

Identical Twins

Twins formed from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos, sharing the same genotype.

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10

Fraternal Twins

Twins formed from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm, genetically similar to any other siblings.

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11

Germinal Period

The first 1-14 days of prenatal development characterized by rapid cell division and growth.

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12

Embryonic Period

The stage from 3-8 weeks of prenatal development where cells start to differentiate and brain development begins.

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13

Fetal Period

The stage from 9 weeks to birth marked by rapid growth and development of the fetus.

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14

Folic Acid

A crucial vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy and is essential for brain and spinal cord development.

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15

Prenatal Tests

Tests conducted during pregnancy to identify potential issues, including blood tests, ultrasounds, and amniocentesis.

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16

Gestational Diabetes

A condition during pregnancy where the body struggles to manage sugar levels, detected through glucose testing.

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17

Chromosomal Anomalies

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes that can lead to fetal development issues.

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18

Single Gene Disorders

Genetic disorders caused by a mutation in a single gene.

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19

Polygenic Disorders

Genetic disorders that involve multiple genes.

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20

Preterm

Babies born before 35 weeks of gestation, often facing developmental challenges.

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21

Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

Babies born at or after 36 weeks but weighing less than expected, potentially due to prenatal issues.

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