humanities

what event prompted christopher wren's grand design scheme to rebuild 52 of the churches destroyed in London, including Saint Paul's Cathedral?

The Great Fire

Francis Bacon was one of the seventeenth century's leading advocates for the empirical method. What is the empirical method?

a method of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning with scientific experimentation

The process of direct observation followed by drawing conclusions from particular examples is called what?

inductive reasoning

What is Cartesian reasoning?

A position based upon an absolute distinction between mind and matter follows which method of reasoning

What did Deists believe?

God created the universe but didn't interfere with its daily workings

Who challenged the traditional belief that the orbits of the planets were spherical, showing that the five known planets moved around the sun in elliptical paths?

Johannes Kepler

Who first proposed the law of falling bodies?

Galileo Galilei

Discoveries by eyeglass makers Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen led to the development of what?

the compound microscope

What does Isaac Newton assert in his work Principia?

the universe is an intelligible and harmonious system that functions as precisely as a machine

Which member of the Lunar Society is considered the inventor of the steam engine?

James Watt

Which Industrial Revolution invention allowed cloth to be made wider and more rapidly?

flying shuttle

What was Richard Arkwright's contribution to the textile industry?

He patented a waterwheel used to power looms

Abraham Darby's discoveries led to the development of what?

cast iron

In Leviathan, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that people are driven by what two things?

fear of death and the desire for power

According to Hobbes's Leviathan, what is the only hope of humanity against its own depravity?

Humankind's only hope is to submit to a higher authority

What is the social contract?

The idea that people should give up sovereignty over themselves and bestow it on a ruler.

What is Locke's assertion about human nature in Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

People are born as blank slates and through experience are perfectly capable of governing themselves.

What claims does John Locke make in his Second Treatise of Government?

People should recognize their own depravity and willingly submit to governance by a ruler.

What does liberare mean?

to be free

The term salonnière refers to ______?

a Parisian hostess of aristocratic social gatherings

The French term rocaille and Italian term barocco combined to create which art term?

rococo

A distinguishing feature of Rococo style is __________.

curvilinear forms

Which of the following terms describes the amorous celebrations or parties enjoyed by an elite group in a pastoral or garden setting for which Jean-Antoine Watteau is best known?

fêtes galantes

What is the significance of Cupid's gesture on the left-hand side of Fragonard's The Swing?

signifies the secret love affair between the girl on the swing and her lover in the bushes.

What did the Deists believe?

God created the universe but didn't interfere with its daily workings

What was the stated goal of the Encyclopédie that cause its publication to be halted by King Louis XV's censors?

to change the general way of thinking

The concept of a separation of powers by dividing government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches was first proposed by whom?

John Locke

What is rational humanism?

The belief that, through logical, careful thought, progress is inevitable

What did Jean-Jacques mean by the term "noble savage?"

humans are naturally good and are only corrupted by society

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains," the opening line of The Social Contract?

By renouncing their own humanity, humans enslave themselves.

Be able to identify the following artworks (artist and title):

- The Toilet of Venus - Boucher

- The Embarkation to Cythera - Watteau

- The Swing - Fragonard

The Toilet of Venus - Boucher

The Embarkation to Cythera - Watteau

- The Swing - Fragonard

What act infuriated American colonists by imposing tax on many common items, including calendars, playing cards, newspapers, and academic degrees?

The Stamp Act of 1765

What was the name of the African American who had escaped slavery and was among those killed during Boston Massacre, depicted in Paul Revere's print The Bloody Massacre?

Crispus Attucks

Who was the silversmith and the engraver of the print titled The Bloody Massacre?

Paul Revere

Thomas Jefferson was chairman of the committee and the chief drafter of which document?

American Declaration of Dependence

Thomas Jefferson's denunciation of monarchy in his draft of the Declaration of Independence was influenced by the Social Contract argument that "No man has a natural authority over his fellow" as espoused by __________.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The American Revolutionary War ended in __________.

1783

At the time of Louis XVI's reign, the Second Estate consisted of the __________.

nobility

When King Louis XVI banned the members of the Third Estate from their usual meeting place, what did they select as their next meeting place?

a tennis court

In France, the events leading to revolution were most directly brought about by what?

the national debt

The signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen took place in what year?

1789

What is depicted in the engraving To Versailles?

Peasant and working-class women of Paris storm the palace to demand bread.

Maximilien Robespierre, a Jacobist, argued for and became a member of what body that formed a dictatorship led by a 12-person Committee for Public Safety?

"Republic of Virtue"

Which body instituted many reforms in France, including the prohibition of slavery, the "de-Christianization of France," and the elimination of the king and queen from decks of playing cards?

Constitutional Convention

Although the French and the American revolutions differed in many ways, both looked to ____________ for models on which to build a new society.

looked to Classical antiquity for models on which to build a new society

What is the primary message of David's The Oath of the Horatii?

sacrifice is the price of citizenship

Which feature of David's epic history painting, despite its overall Neoclassical style, relates more specifically to Baroque conventions?

the grouping of women to the right

Napoleon's rise to power began with a coup d'état against __________.

the French Directory

Apart from Britain and Sweden, which European country remained free of Napoleon's domination?

Portugal

Who commissioned Pierre-Alexandre Vignon to redesign a church as a new Temple of the Glory of the Grand Army, now known as La Madeleine?

Napoleon Bonaparte

Which painting by Jacques-Louis David was considered to be propaganda?

creates, as pure propaganda, a proper myth for the aspiring leader

What about David's Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard is fully Neoclassical?

It has a clearly drawn central image and emphasis on right angles.

In the lower left corner of Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard, the artist included the names of generals who crossed the Alps into Italy: Napoleon, Hannibal, and __________.

Charlemagne

Who proposed a land ordinance that effectively installed a Neoclassical pattern on the American landscape?

Thomas Jefferson

What is Federal style?

an architectural design based upon Roman precedents

What was Benjamin Henry Latrobe hired to rebuild after the British burned it during the War of 1812?

Capitol Building

Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations, was a proponent of laissez-faire. What does this mean?

In economic matters, people should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves.

What did Olaudah Equiano describe in his best-selling autobiography, published in England in 1789?

conditions on board a transatlantic slave ship

The term "Romanticism" was first coined by __________.

Friedrich von Schlegel

William Wordsworth is the creator of which of what poem?

"Tintern Abbey"

Which poem is understood as the most eloquent expression of the Romantic imagination?

"Tintern Abbey"

A linking interest of Romantic poets was the contemplation of __________.

nature

William Wordsworth's poem "Tintern Abbey" embodies the Romantic imagination by suggesting what?

the unity of all things

The later landscape paintings of the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner are notable for what feature?

depiction of the raw experience of nature

J.M.W. Turner and John Constable shared in what belief?

nature incites imagination

Which of the following works was painted by Caspar David Friedrich and features a lone man with windblown hair positioned directly in front of the viewer on a rocky promontory?

Monk by the Sea

Thomas Cole's The Oxbow is divided into two parts, the stormy wilderness on the left and the sunny, cultivated fields in the valley on the right, suggesting that civilization will __________.

eventually overwhelm the wilderness

Which of the following author's wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods?

Henry David Thoreau

Ralph Waldo Emerson outlined the principles of transcendentalism in his seminal work titled __________.

Nature

Which of the following was written by Wolfgang von Goethe and includes a character named Mephistopheles?

Faust

What is ennui?

listlessness and a profound melancholy

In Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, the title character abandons his love, Gretchen, after which she __________.

loses her mind & murders their illegitimate child

In Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass the theme of America's vast experiences and possibilities is embodied in __________.

New York City

Which of following artists painted The Third of May?

Francisco Goya

In the painting Saturn Devouring One of His Children, Goya alludes to the mythological figure of Saturn represents who?

Spanish society or Spain itself under Ferdinand VII

The Third of May - Francisco Goya

The Oath of Horatii - Jaques-Louis David

The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons - Jacques-Louis David

The Hay Wain - John Constable

The Upper Falls of Reichenbach - J. M. W. Turner

Monk by the Sea - Caspar David Friedrich

The Oxbow - Thomas Cole

Napoleon in the Pesthouse of Jaffa - Antoine-Jean Gros

What are the dates for the Classical period?

1750-1820

Who helped the Americans win independence from Great Britain?

France

All of the following contributed to the French Revolution except:

the decline of the Catholic Church

Who was blamed for France's problems during the French revolution?

The establishment - royalty and aristocracy

The twelve month period during which anyone who was suspected of opposing the French revolution was called:

The Reign of Terror.

All of the following advances came about as a result of the Industrial Revolution except:

the invention of the telescope

All of the following principles were strongly championed during the Classical period except:

divine right

All of the following are Classical ideals except:

extreme expression of emotion

The term "form" refers to:

the general principles which govern the structural design of a composition.

The letters A-B-A identify a composition in:

ternary form.

The minuet is:

a dance in triple meter performed at a moderate tempo.

What is a trio?

the middle section of a minuet

Who popularized the minuet?

King Louis XIV

In a minuet and trio, which is usually repeated?

the minuet