Base
Ph greater than 7/ Oven cleaner toothpaste bleach
Acid
pH less than 7
control group
does not receive treatments
Homeostasis
maintain internal conditions even through external changes
Independent Variable
deliberately changed
atom
basic unit of a chemical element
Hydrogen Bond
the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge.
Monomer/Polymer/Macromolecule
M: small units P: many units joined together Ma: very large polymers
Scientific Method
asking questions
hypothesis
experiment
data
conclusion
results
Characteristics of life
made up of cells
develop and grow
respond to environment
reproduce
stable environment
metabolism
Dna
change over time
Isotopes different from eachother
different in the number of neutron in the nucleus
factors that effect enzymes
effected by temperature pH concentration
Ionic Bond formed
when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
Cohesion
the attraction between the same molecules causes molecules to be drawn together.
Adhesion
attraction of different molecules attracted to glass
polar molecule
slightly negative and positive allows to stick with other substances
compond
formed by combination of two or more electrons
Ions
formed when the number of protons isn’t equal to the number of electrons
Metabolism
all the chemical processes in the body
element
that cannot be broken down distinguished by atomic number
covalent bond
when atoms share electrons
dependent variable
observed when the independent variable changes
lipid bilayer
two layers of lipid molecules called phospholipids
acts as a barrier to a passage of molecules and ions in and out of cells
similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
both have ribosomes/protein, DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm
difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic have ERE and don’t have mitochondria or nuclei. Eukaryotic have smaller ribosomes
cell theory
cells building blocks
made up of cells
come from other living things
selectively permeable
some substances can go through others cannot
to strongly charged or too big
exocytosis
forces material out of cell no energy
endocytosis
taking material into cell uses energy
active transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of a higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
isotonic
the concentration of solutes equal to solutes inside cells
stays the same
hypertonic
higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration inside cells
cell strinks
hypotonic
lower concentration of solutes higher in cell
cell bursts
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in membrane
diffusion
random movement from area of high concentration to low
Eukaryotics
Animal and plant cells
Nucleus
milticelluar
Prokaryotics
bacteria
no nucleus
unicelluar
Monosaccharides
one unit of sugar Gluscose
Polysaccharides
have many monosaccharide units joined together Sharch
Disaccharides
two sugars bonded Fructose, sucrose
polypeptides
many amino acids on a peptide bond
Catalyst
substance that increase the reaction without being consumed Enzymes
high energy bond in
Atp: 3 phosphate groups
function of Atp
storing and transferring energy
light-independent reaction
in stroma
absorb CO2
Transferr NADP+ and ADP
light-dependent reaction
Adsorb sunlight/H2O
produce Waste
in thylakoid
transfer electrons NADP-H and ATP
photosynthesis
Energy from the sun is captured in a process called
NADP+
NADPH
+ is an empty truck
H is load of electrons
Thylakoid
flattened sacs inside chloroplast
Pigments
plants gather sun energy with light-absorbing molecules called
Heterotrophs
eat other living things
Autorophs
make own food
Atp
energy from the food we eat converted to a molecule
Chlorophyll
absorbs energy transferred to electrons
absorbs red and Blue reflect green
equation for Phtotsynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
1 calorie
is 1000 calories
cellular respiration
process that release energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
aerobic
requiring oxygen
anaerobic
no oxygen
glycolysis
reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
matrix
the material or tissue a specific part of mitochondrion.
electron transport chain
electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used
alcoholic fermentation
producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
lactic acid fermentation
fermentation that breaks down sugars to produce energy in form of ATP does not need oxygen
pyruvic acid
supplies energy through Krebs cycle
NAD+
NADH krebs Cycle
Citric acid Cycle
biosphere
group of ecosystems that have similar climate and communities
species
individuals/breed
biomes
earth
communities
group
population
one species
ecology
is the study of interactions between interactions and their environment
ecosystem
community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
food chain
shows how the transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer
biotic factor
a living organism that shapes its environment
plants, funigi, birds
abiotic factor
a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment.
temperature, light, water
chemosynthesis
when sunlight is not available organisms use inorganic substances other than sunlight to make sugar and oxygen
levels of organization
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
decomposers
make room for new animals by decaying dead plants and animals
producers
any kind of green plant use energy to make food
consumers
providing energy to other organisms regulating pop growth
amino acid
molecules that combine to form proteins
lipid
compounds that are fatty acids
nucleic acid
store and transfer DNA
Monomer: nucleotide
Protein
building body tissue speed up chemical reactions
Monomer: Amino Acid
Lipids
store energy hormones cell membrane
Glycerol Fatty acid
Carbohydrates
Quick energy-building molecules
Monomers: Monosaccharides
Polymer: polysaccharides
Glycolysis location
Cytoplasm
Krebs cycle and electron transprt chain location
Mitocondria
Krebs Cycle and Electron transport require
Oxygen is required
Glycolysis does not need
Oxygen
NAD+
pair of high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion
why do living things need oxygen
used as the end electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
Glycolysis input and output
input two ATP two NAD+ and one glucose
output is four ATP, two NADH two pyruvate molecules.
Krebs Cycle input outputs
consumes pyruvate
output carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH and FADH
amount of ATP produced by Glycolysis Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain
Glycolysis 2 ATP molecules Krebs cycle produces 2 32ATP electron