Bio final

Base

Ph greater than 7/ Oven cleaner toothpaste bleach

Acid

pH less than 7

control group

does not receive treatments

Homeostasis

maintain internal conditions even through external changes

Independent Variable

deliberately changed

atom

basic unit of a chemical element

Hydrogen Bond

the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge.

Monomer/Polymer/Macromolecule

M: small units P: many units joined together Ma: very large polymers

Scientific Method

asking questions

hypothesis

experiment

data

conclusion

results

Characteristics of life

made up of cells

develop and grow

respond to environment

reproduce

stable environment

metabolism

Dna

change over time

Isotopes different from eachother

different in the number of neutron in the nucleus

factors that effect enzymes

effected by temperature pH concentration

Ionic Bond formed

when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Isotopes

atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

Cohesion

the attraction between the same molecules causes molecules to be drawn together.

Adhesion

attraction of different molecules attracted to glass

polar molecule

slightly negative and positive allows to stick with other substances

compond

formed by combination of two or more electrons

Ions

formed when the number of protons isn’t equal to the number of electrons

Metabolism

all the chemical processes in the body

element

that cannot be broken down distinguished by atomic number

covalent bond

when atoms share electrons

dependent variable

observed when the independent variable changes

lipid bilayer

two layers of lipid molecules called phospholipids

acts as a barrier to a passage of molecules and ions in and out of cells

similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

both have ribosomes/protein, DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm

difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic have ERE and don’t have mitochondria or nuclei. Eukaryotic have smaller ribosomes

cell theory

cells building blocks

made up of cells

come from other living things

selectively permeable

some substances can go through others cannot

to strongly charged or too big

exocytosis

forces material out of cell no energy

endocytosis

taking material into cell uses energy

active transport

the movement of __ions__ or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of a higher concentration, assisted by __enzymes__ and requiring energy.

isotonic

the concentration of solutes equal to solutes inside cells

stays the same

hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration inside cells

cell strinks

hypotonic

lower concentration of solutes higher in cell

cell bursts

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion

diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in membrane

diffusion

random movement from area of high concentration to low

Eukaryotics

Animal and plant cells

Nucleus

milticelluar

Prokaryotics

bacteria

no nucleus

unicelluar

Monosaccharides

one unit of sugar Gluscose

Polysaccharides

have many monosaccharide units joined together Sharch

Disaccharides

two sugars bonded Fructose, sucrose

polypeptides

many amino acids on a peptide bond

Catalyst

substance that increase the reaction without being consumed Enzymes

high energy bond in

Atp: 3 phosphate groups

function of Atp

storing and transferring energy

light-independent reaction

in stroma

absorb CO2

Transferr NADP+ and ADP

light-dependent reaction

Adsorb sunlight/H2O

produce Waste

in thylakoid

transfer electrons NADP-H and ATP

photosynthesis

Energy from the sun is captured in a process called

NADP+

NADPH

\+ is an empty truck

H is load of electrons

Thylakoid

flattened sacs inside chloroplast

Pigments

plants gather sun energy with light-absorbing molecules called

Heterotrophs

eat other living things

Autorophs

make own food

Atp

energy from the food we eat converted to a molecule

Chlorophyll

absorbs energy transferred to electrons

absorbs red and Blue reflect green

equation for Phtotsynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

1 calorie

is 1000 calories

cellular respiration

process that release energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen

aerobic

requiring oxygen

anaerobic

no oxygen

glycolysis

reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.

matrix

the material or tissue a specific part of mitochondrion.

electron transport chain

electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used

alcoholic fermentation

producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

lactic acid fermentation

fermentation that breaks down sugars to produce energy in form of ATP does not need oxygen

pyruvic acid

supplies energy through Krebs cycle

NAD+

NADH krebs Cycle

Citric acid Cycle

biosphere

group of ecosystems that have similar climate and communities

species

individuals/breed

biomes

earth

communities

group

population

one species

ecology

is the study of interactions between interactions and their environment

ecosystem

community of __interacting__ __organisms__ and their physical environment.

food chain

shows how the transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer to tertiary consumer

biotic factor

a living organism that shapes its environment

plants, funigi, birds

abiotic factor

a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment.

temperature, light, water

chemosynthesis

when sunlight is not available organisms use inorganic substances other than sunlight to make sugar and oxygen

levels of organization

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

decomposers

make room for new animals by decaying dead plants and animals

producers

any kind of green plant use energy to make food

consumers

providing energy to other organisms regulating pop growth

amino acid

molecules that combine to form proteins

lipid

compounds that are fatty acids

nucleic acid

store and transfer DNA

Monomer: nucleotide

Protein

building body tissue speed up chemical reactions

Monomer: Amino Acid

Lipids

store energy hormones cell membrane

Glycerol Fatty acid

Carbohydrates

Quick energy-building molecules

Monomers: Monosaccharides

Polymer: polysaccharides

Glycolysis location

Cytoplasm

Krebs cycle and electron transprt chain location

Mitocondria

Krebs Cycle and Electron transport require

Oxygen is required

Glycolysis does not need

Oxygen

NAD+

pair of high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion

why do living things need oxygen

used as the end electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in cellular respiration

Glycolysis input and output

input two ATP two NAD+ and one glucose

output is four ATP, two NADH two pyruvate molecules.

Krebs Cycle input outputs

consumes pyruvate

output carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH and FADH

amount of ATP produced by Glycolysis Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain

Glycolysis 2 ATP molecules Krebs cycle produces 2 32ATP electron