unit three quiz five history 1301

Tariff of 1828/Abominations

protected tariff on imports that South Carolina tried to nullify and almost seceded over until A. A.Jackson put an end to things

South Carolina Exposition and Protest (December 1828)

document drafted claiming to nullify Tariff of 1828; no other states joined and A Jackson threatened individual and state consequences if tried again

• secretly written by John C Callhoun (VP)

Election of 1828

• Quincy Adams as National Republican

• Andrew Jackson as Democrat

first election with National Campaigning through parties

mudslinging examples in election of 1828

• Quincy Adams accused of trafficking women to Russia, using gov. money for gambling

• Jackson called adulterer, murderer, and labeled a jackass

• Jackson’s wife called whore

Jackson’s Inauguration

first inauguration open to the pubic w/ 20k attendees

• crazy reception with booze where Jackson had to escape through window and booze had to be moved outside for people to leave

differences between Jackson and former presidents

he was the “champion of common man”

• was not born wealthy

• not from Virginia, Mass., or even original 13 colonies

• no tolerance for defiance

• not a man of culture (he drank, gambled, and dueled)

Policies and Idealogies of Jacksonian Democracy

based on his own reactions or experiences

1. protecting common man and defending from gov. oppression

2. solid, unchanging political philosophy

3. those who he considered his enemies

Jackson’s Spoils System

picking people for gov. position based on how much money they gave and loyalty to Jackson

• resulted in “Kitchen Cabinet” of AJ’s close friends who actually advised gov

• remained for abt 70 yrs

Petticoat Affair (1829-31)

Peggy Eaton, daughter of a DC bar owner, quickly rose to high society, and was disliked by Floride Callhoun

A Jackson told off John C. Callhoun, who sided with his wife

solution to Petticoat Affair

Martin Van Buren (sec. of state) suggests AJ have the whole cabinet resign and be replaced through spoils system to get rid of Callhoun

• John Eaton and Van Buren join Kitchen Cabinet

Election of 1832

• Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren (D), winners

• Henry Clay (NR)

• William Wirt (Anti-Masonic Party)

• Nullifier Party

Anti-Masonic Party

first major 3rd party, originated nominating conventions, first polit. party to have rallies

Third Party Life Cycle

starts over single issue neither major party addresses→ run and win some state/local elections→ do well in a presidential election→ one or both of two major parties adopts issue→ party dies

Nullifier Party

led by John C Callhoun; outwardly supported nullification but true purpose to screw over A Jackson

• disbanded when Jackson left office

collapse of National Republican party

followed 1832 election, QA was first and last NR president

• replaced by Whig Party ( leftover combination of NR, AM, and Anti-Jackson Dems.)

Tariff of 1832

replaced 1828 tariff but was not very improved

Nullification Convention And The Ordinance of Nullification ( Fall 1832)

written by John C Callhoun tryign to use compact theory and nullification to eliminate tariff of 1832

• threatened secession if nat. gov. didn’t support nullification

Jackson’s Response to Ordinance of Nulification

declared nullification to be treason

• took steps to isolate SCs no

• Jwilling to have military hang SC leaders, specifically John C Callhoun

Force Bill (2 March 1833)

gave jackson power to use army to enforce tariff in South Carolina

Compromise of Tariff of 1828

written by Henry Clay, who worked w/Callhoun; kept tariff in place but automatically reduces it for every year for 10 years

• ended in US winning b/c nullification was defeared

South Carolina choices in Compromise Tariff of 1833

1. accept compromise and give up nullification (eventually chosen)

2. keep nullification and face Jackson and US army by themselves

significance of Nullification crisis

1. Jackson used presidential power like no one before

2. Nullification will fall out mosrtly

3. precursor for future conflict over slave question

Jackson’s Bank Policy

blamed National Bank for personal losses in Panic of 1819→ bank was bad and to be destroyed

Recharter Bill of 1832

bank pres. Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay tried to protect bank by attempting an early recharter and revising bank functions

• passed congress, vetoed by Jackson

arguments in Jackson’s veto message

1. executive branch is not bound by supreme court or legislation from congress when acting in interest of the people

2. 2nd BUS was unconstitutional and Supreme Court had no authority to declare it constitutional

3. banks were a tool fro the rich to oppress the poor

removal of US gov. deposits from 2nd BUS

Jackson moved 10m dollars (20% of bank holdings) to State or “Pet Banks” ran by his loyal friends

• couldn’t close bank so chose to harm it

2nd BUS closure

failed to recharter in 1836; Biddle tried tactics to help bank but they instead caused a small financial crisis

Specie

hard currency like silver/gold

• specie backed currency was stable and can be exchanged for gold/silver

• non-specie backed currency was unstable and vulnerable

Specie Circular (july 1836)

executive order by Jackson requiring land purchases to be made with specie-backed currency or specie

• trying to avoid panic and limit paper money

• worsened issue w/out an enforcing authority (like 2nd BUS)

3 significances of Jackson’s Bank War

1. regressed national banking by 80 years

2. showed Jackson’s believe that being in office meant he had a “mandate” from people to act out allmhis ideals

3. showed Jackson’s belief in a powerful presidency through veto

five civilized tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminole

• seen as civilized because they adopted some of white culture

Indian Removal Act (1830)

created by congress and signed by Jackson; gave president and thereby military power to move any Natives in east to west of Mississippi River

aka forced relocation of a people from their ancestral homelands

slavery and native tribes

.1% owned slaves but more so native land was a place of freedom for escaped slaves

trail of tears (1830-1839)

process of moving natives across state lines until they were W of Mississippi

• Cherokee Removal was harshest

• 20%, or 3,000, natives died from violence, disease, starvation, or exposure

significance of Jackson’s Indian Policy

1. forever and permanently changed culture of native nations and those around them

2. shows Jackson used and changed power of president

Jackson’s options to avoid war with natives

1. genocide/extermination

2. forced cultural assimilation

3. US Army Protection of Natives and Native land

4. removal

why Jackson chose removal

not as bad as guaranteed war. not as terrible as genocide, lowest chance of American casualties

election of 1836

• Martin Van Buren (D)

• Four Whig (W) Candidates (William Henry Harrison)- trying to send election to House of Representatives

Panic of 1837

• 40% state banks closed

• Laissez-faire (hands-off) policy followed

• Martin Van “Ruin” blamed although not 100% at fault

Martin Van Buren’s Legacy

tied to Jackson; the fallout of Jacksonian Democracy and the Cherokee Removal

Legacy of Jacksonian Democracy and Jackson’s Presidency

• vetoes ( more alone than six presidents before him)'

• Indian removal

• set economy/banking back by 80 yrs

• changed view of executive office/increased presidential power

Assassination Attempt of 30 January 1835

Richard Lawrence aimed a pistol at Jackson’s chest and misfired twice while Jackson stood still then beat him with his cane

A Jackson’s Cheese

after being reelected in 1832, a NY cheesemaker sent Jackson a 1,400 lb cheese wheel that sat in the Whitehouse foyer all four years, was gifted to guests, and resulted in a cheese party at the end of his tem

Jackson’s deathbed regrets

not hanging John C. Calhoun or shooting Henry Clay

the parrot at Jackson’s funeral

by Jackson’s request, the parrot sat next to his casket

• told every guest “go f*** yourself”

• was removed after offending ministers and mourners