PT MOD MODULE 1

LKMA

Physical Agents

consist of energy and materials applied to patients to assist in their rehabilitation.

can be used to describe the general type of energy, such as electromagnetic radiation or sound; a specific range within the general type, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation or ultrasound; and the actual means of applying the energy, such as a UV lamp or an ultrasound transducer

Deep heating agents

Superficial heating agents

Cooling agents

What are the types of thermal agents?

Traction, Compression, Water, Sound

What are the types of Mechanical Agent?

Electromagnetic Fields

Electrical Currents

What are the types of electromagnetic agents?

Cryotherapy

is the therapeutic application of cold

is applied to decrease circulation, metabolic rate, or pain.

Thermotherapy

is the therapeutic application of heat

is used to increase circulation, metabolic rate, and soft tissue extensibility or to decrease pain

Thermal Agents

transfer energy to a patient to increase or decrease tissue temperature

Hot Moist Pack

This medium produces the greatest temperature increase in superficial tissues with high thermal conductivity in the area directly below it

Ultrasound

is a physical agent that has both thermal and nonthermal effects.

is defined as sound with a frequency greater than 20,000 cycles/second—too high to be heard by humans.

is a mechanical form of energy composed of alternating compression and rarefaction waves.

Diathermy

involves applying shortwave or microwave electromagnetic energy, heats deep tissues having high electrical conductivity

Continuous Ultrasound

it is a type of ultrasound in which is used to heat deep tissues to increase circulation, metabolic rate, and soft tissue extensibility and to decrease pain.

Pulsed Ultrasound

it is a type of ultrasound in which is used to facilitate tissue healing or to promote transdermal drug penetration by nonthermal mechanisms.

Mechanical Agents

apply force to increase or decrease pressure on the body.

Traction

decreases the pressure between structures

is most commonly used to alleviate pressure on structures such as nerves or joints that produce pain or other sensory changes or that become inflamed when compressed.

can normalize sensation and prevent or reduce damage or inflammation of compressed structures.

Compression

increases the pressure on and between structures

is used to counteract fluid pressure and to control or reverse edema.

The force, duration, and means of applying this can be varied to control the magnitude of the effect and to accommodate different patient needs.

Water

can provide resistance, hydrostatic pressure, and buoyancy for exercise or can apply pressure to clean wounds.

True

Movement of water produces local pressure that can be used as resistance for exercise when an area is immersed and for cleansing or debriding open wounds with or without immersion. True or False

False

True or False, IR radiation, which has a frequency of 10^11 to 10^14 Hz, produces heat only in deep tissues

Hydrotherapy

What do you call the therapeutic use of water?

False

True or False. When shortwave diathermy is pulsed (pulsed shortwave diathermy [PSWD]) to provide a high average intensity of energy, it does not produce heat. This intervention is now known as nonthermal shortwave therapy (SWT).

Electrical Stimulation

is the use of electrical current to induce muscle contraction (motor-level ES) and changes in sensation (sensory-level ES), reduce edema, or accelerate tissue healing.

UV Radiation

Is a type of radiation that has a frequency of 7.5 × 10^14 to 10^15 cycles/second (Hertz [Hz]), produces erythema and tanning of the skin but does not produce heat

Infrared Radiation

Is a type of radiation that has a frequency of 10^11 to 10^14 Hz, produces heat only in superficial tissues

Continuous Short Wave Diathermy

Is a type of diathermy has a frequency of 10^5 to 10^6 Hz, produces heat in both superficial and deep tissues.

True

True or False the following are the application of physical agents primarily reduces tissue inflammation, accelerates tissue healing, relieves pain, alters collagen extensibility, or modifies muscle tone.

Thermal Agents

These physical agents modify inflammation and healing by changing the rates of circulation and chemical reactions.

Mechanical Agents

These physical agents control motion and alter fluid flow

Electromagnetic Agent

alter cell function, particularly membrane permeability and transport

Static Compression, Cryotherapy

What is the effective agent of the situation below:

Stage of Tissue Healing: Initial Injury

Goal: Prevent further injury or bleeding

Contraindicated Agents: Exercise, Intermittent traction, Motor-level ES, Thermotherapy

Cryotherapy

What is the contraindicated agents of the following situation

Stage of Tissue Healing: Chronic Inflammation

Goals of Treatment: Control pain

Effective Agents: Thermotherapy ES

Motor ES, Water Exercise, EMG Biofeedback

What is the effective agents of the following situation?

Stage of Tissue Healing: Remodeling

Goals of Treatment: Regain or Maintain Strength

Contraindicated Agents: Immobilization

1-6

How many days does the inflammatory phase last?

Inflammatory

is characterized by heat, swelling, pain, redness, and loss of function. The more quickly this phase is completed and resolved, the more quickly healing can proceed, and the lower the probability of joint destruction, excessive pain, swelling, weakness, immobilization, and loss of function.

3 days after injury

When does the proliferation phase generally start?

20

Approximately how many days does the proliferation phase last?

Proliferation

This is when collagen is deposited in the damaged area to replace tissue that was destroyed by trauma. In addition, if necessary, myofibroblasts contract to accelerate closure, and epithelial cells migrate to resurface the wound

9

The maturation phase usually starts at approximately how many days after the initial injury?

2 years

How long can the maturation phase last?

Maturation

This is when both deposition and resorption of collagen occur. The new tissue remodels itself to resemble the original tissue as closely as possible and hence continue its original function. During this phase, the healing tissue changes in both shape and structure to allow for optimal functional recovery.

Contraindications

are conditions under which a particular treatment should not be applied

are also known as absolute contraindications

Precautions

are conditions under which a particular form of treatment should be applied with special care or limitations

are also known as relative contraindications

Pregnancy

is generally a contraindication or precaution for the application of a physical agent if the energy produced by that agent or its physiological effects may reach the fetus. These restrictions apply because the influences of these types of energy on fetal development usually are unknown and because fetal development is adversely affected by many influences, some of which are subtle

Malignancy

is a contraindication or precaution for the application of physical agents if the energy produced by the agent or its physiological effects may reach malignant tissue or alter the circulation to such tissue.

Impaired Sensation and Mentation

are contraindications or precautions for the use of many physical agents because the limit for application of these agents is the patient's report of how they feel. For example, for most thermal agents, the patient's report of the sensation of heat as comfortable or painful is used to guide the intensity of treatment. If the patient cannot feel heat or pain because of impaired sensation or cannot report this sensation accurately and consistently because of impaired mentation or other factors affecting their ability to communicate,

False

True or False; Phonophoresis should be used even if other approaches to treat the pain and inflammatory conditions are available.

Phonophoresis

is the application of ultrasound to enhance the absorption of topical agents through the skin

This is generally done by applying US directly to the topical agent or adding the topical agent to the US gel. The effects of US to enhance the entry through skin of a topical agent has been attributed to both physical “pushing” of the agent through the skin and to an in-crease in the permeability of the dermal layer

Cathode

Your delivery electrode is negatively charged, in what type of electron would you apply the medicine?

Iontophoresis

It is a technique in which current is used to induce the transcutaneous movement of ions across the skin into target tissues. Clinical use of this is based on the fundamental concept that like charges repel and opposites attract.

Gate Control Theory

It states that nonpainful stimuli can inhibit the transmission of pain at the spinal cord level

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

It was developed on the basis of the fate control theory of pain modulation

It is the application of electrical current through the skin to modulate pain