Studied by 36 peopleImmunity
Who is the starter of Immunology
Elie Metchnikoff
Elie Metchnikoff discovered bacteria in ____ had cells ____ them
larvae; engulfing
What were viruses orginaly called?
filterable agents
In the 1870s scientists discvered diseases were
caused by microbes
What was the big question of the Germ Theory of Disease?
How do organisms protect themselves?
Germ theory of disease is the discover that diseases are caused by
pathogens
what are the 2 divisons of the immune system
innate and adaptive
What is the first line of defense of your immune system?
skin and mucous membranes ; healthy microbiome
if there is a microbial invasion _____ receptors and the ______ system are activated (innate)
pattern recognition ; complement
PRRs in surfaces, endosome, and phagosomes cause what reponse if they detect an invader?
inflammaotry
PRRs in the cytoplasm of cells activate what responses if an invader is detected
inflammatory and interferon
what microbe is the inferon response for?
viruses
What type of structures do PRRS recognize
flagella, capsules etc.
What about the skin helps protect up (4)
physical barrier, dry and salty, oily, and sheds
how does mucous membranes protect us?
mucous traps, enzymes, and flushing
the compliment system has ____ receptors
protein
do PRR genes change?
no
Where is the complement system
blood and tissue fluids
what is the big thing that the complement system does?
opsonization
what does lysozyme break down?
peptidoglycan
where is lysozyme
tears and mucosal fluid
what are the 4 antimicrobials in your body
lysozyme, peroxidases, lactoferrin, and defensins
peroxidases make ____ which makes the mucous ______
h202, inhospitable
What are peroxidases countered by
bacterial catalases
Flushing of the urinary tract protects the
urethra
What can cause a lack of flushing in men?
hardened prostate
the nose is responsible for removal of ________
inhaled particles
what antimicrobes are in saliva
lysozyme, peroxidase, and lactoferrin
lactoferrin/transferrin keep _____ a limiting nutrient
iron
what is lactoferrin countered by in bacteria
bacterial siderophores
lactoferrin bind up free iron in the ____ and _____
mucosa, blood stream
defensins are ____ ______
short peptides
a siderophore is a protein that sequesters ___
nutrients
what is an example of a siderophore
gonorhea
_____ of the stomach kills bacteria
low pH
what is the change in from the stomach to upper intestine
low to high pH
The vagnina can kill bacteria with a ____pH and normal ____
low; microbiota
How do normal microbiotia help us in preventing infections
they ferment acids that lower pH in stomach
what are the main normal microbiota bacteria
propionibacterium spp., lactobacillus spp., and staphylcoccus spp.
what does propionibacterium degrade? secreted by what
lipids; sebaeous glands
what does lactobacillus spp reduce
local pH
Staphylcoccus reduces ____ and ____ availability
water; nutrient
where is staphylcoccus on the body
skin
propionibacteria can cause what condition
acne
what are all blood cells made from
hematopoietic stem cell
the common lymphoid progenitor DIRECTLY makes what lymphocyte
natural killer cells
lymphoblasts are made from?
common lymphoid progenitor
lymphoblasts turn into ____ and ___ cells
T and B
what are the 3 lymphocytes
NK, T and B cells
a hematopoietic cell turns into a ____ to ultimately make granulocytes and monocytes
common meyeloid progenitor
where does a myeloblast come from
common myeloid progeniror
what 3 cells does a myeloblast turn into
eosinophile, basophile, neutrophil
what are eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils called
granulocytes
monocytes are made from
monoblasts
what 2 things can a monocyte turn into
macrophage or dendritic cell
B cells produce
antibodies
NK cells destory infected _____
self cells
What are some things about bacteria that the PRR detects
peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin , dsRNA, ssRNA, cell damage
What does the innate response depend on
cell type and patogen
PAMP stands for
Pathogen-Associated Molecular patterns
what is the PAMP recognition a clear sign of in terms of history
our long evolution with pathogens
PRRS are located on the cell _____ and within ____
surface; endosomes
PRRs in phagosome and endosomes detect components of microbes ____ by the cell
ingested
PRRs in the cytoplasms detect cell ____ and _____ components in teh cell’s cytoplasm
damage; microbial
What are examples of classes of PRRs (3)
Toll, NOD, RIG
____ PRR detects viral RNAs and then releases _____
cytoplasmic; IFNs
what macromolecule are IFNS
proteins
when does the cell release IFNs
whiles its being killed
During an IF response IFs bind to ______ cells and trigger _____
neighboring; recognition w
what is the ulimate goal of the IF response ?
if neighboring cells see the same virus they will immediately enter apoptosis
The IFN response limits the _______ of viruses
early spread
Inferon in neighboring cells iduces the synthesis of a group of _____, ______(iAVP) proteins
inactive antiviral
an infection of a neighboring cell with iAVP results in ______ of the iAVP and the cell performs _____
activation; apoptosis
What are the 3 ways to trigger the complement cascade
anitbodies, lectins, C3b
what is the pathway in commplement cascade triggered by Abs called
classic
lectins are ___ proteins from _____
serum; liver w
what triggers the lectin pathway
mannose-binding lectin (mbl) binding to microbes
what triggers the alternative pathway?
C3b bind to microbes
what do all complement casacade pathways lead to the formation of
C3 convertase
in opsonization in the complement cascasde ___ binds to microbes and functions as an ____
C3b; opsonin
what does opsinization trigger and by what?
phagocytosis by macrophages
What can the complement cascade lead to (3)
opsonization, membrane attack complex, or inflammatory response
what is the inflammatory response symptoms caused by
leaky vasculature
leaky vasculature in the inflammatory response facilitates the leaving of ____ with _____into tissues
macrophages; enzymes
What does the membrane attack complex make?
holes in the cell membrane of the target cell
PRRs help our body recognize
invaders
PRRs come from ____ genes in our genome
fixed
in which cells are PRRs expressed?
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
What does the PRR response depend on?
cell type, pathogen
What type of bacterial system can trigger the interferon response?
endotoxins
the interferon response can be ____
pyrogenic
What type of cells does the interfron response stimulate
antigen presenting cells and macrophages
What can an overdoes of the interferon response lead to
shock tissue damage, and death
Phagocytosis is done by which cells
neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Phagocytosis is one response to___
opsonization
What is formed in pahgocytosis?
phagolysosomes
What is the role of the inflammatory response?
isolate damage/infection
What are the signs of inflammation (4)
swelling, redness, heat, and pain
What does inflammation cause leakage of
macrophages
What are 2 things inflammation is triggered by
microbes, physical damage to blood vessels
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