Micro Exam 4

Immunity

Who is the starter of Immunology

Elie Metchnikoff

Elie Metchnikoff discovered bacteria in ____ had cells ____ them

larvae; engulfing

What were viruses orginaly called?

filterable agents

In the 1870s scientists discvered diseases were

caused by microbes

What was the big question of the Germ Theory of Disease?

How do organisms protect themselves?

Germ theory of disease is the discover that diseases are caused by

pathogens

what are the 2 divisons of the immune system

innate and adaptive

What is the first line of defense of your immune system?

skin and mucous membranes ; healthy microbiome

if there is a microbial invasion _____ receptors and the ______ system are activated (innate)

pattern recognition ; complement

PRRs in surfaces, endosome, and phagosomes cause what reponse if they detect an invader?

inflammaotry

PRRs in the cytoplasm of cells activate what responses if an invader is detected

inflammatory and interferon

what microbe is the inferon response for?

viruses

What type of structures do PRRS recognize

flagella, capsules etc.

What about the skin helps protect up (4)

physical barrier, dry and salty, oily, and sheds

how does mucous membranes protect us?

mucous traps, enzymes, and flushing

the compliment system has ____ receptors

protein

do PRR genes change?

no

Where is the complement system

blood and tissue fluids

what is the big thing that the complement system does?

opsonization

what does lysozyme break down?

peptidoglycan

where is lysozyme

tears and mucosal fluid

what are the 4 antimicrobials in your body

lysozyme, peroxidases, lactoferrin, and defensins

peroxidases make ____ which makes the mucous ______

h202, inhospitable

What are peroxidases countered by

bacterial catalases

Flushing of the urinary tract protects the

urethra

What can cause a lack of flushing in men?

hardened prostate

the nose is responsible for removal of ________

inhaled particles

what antimicrobes are in saliva

lysozyme, peroxidase, and lactoferrin

lactoferrin/transferrin keep _____ a limiting nutrient

iron

what is lactoferrin countered by in bacteria

bacterial siderophores

lactoferrin bind up free iron in the ____ and _____

mucosa, blood stream

defensins are ____ ______

short peptides

a siderophore is a protein that sequesters ___

nutrients

what is an example of a siderophore

gonorhea

_____ of the stomach kills bacteria

low pH

what is the change in from the stomach to upper intestine

low to high pH

The vagnina can kill bacteria with a ____pH and normal ____

low; microbiota

How do normal microbiotia help us in preventing infections

they ferment acids that lower pH in stomach

what are the main normal microbiota bacteria

propionibacterium spp., lactobacillus spp., and staphylcoccus spp.

what does propionibacterium degrade? secreted by what

lipids; sebaeous glands

what does lactobacillus spp reduce

local pH

Staphylcoccus reduces ____ and ____ availability

water; nutrient

where is staphylcoccus on the body

skin

propionibacteria can cause what condition

acne

what are all blood cells made from

hematopoietic stem cell

the common lymphoid progenitor DIRECTLY makes what lymphocyte

natural killer cells

lymphoblasts are made from?

common lymphoid progenitor

lymphoblasts turn into ____ and ___ cells

T and B

what are the 3 lymphocytes

NK, T and B cells

a hematopoietic cell turns into a ____ to ultimately make granulocytes and monocytes

common meyeloid progenitor

where does a myeloblast come from

common myeloid progeniror

what 3 cells does a myeloblast turn into

eosinophile, basophile, neutrophil

what are eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils called

granulocytes

monocytes are made from

monoblasts

what 2 things can a monocyte turn into

macrophage or dendritic cell

B cells produce

antibodies

NK cells destory infected _____

self cells

What are some things about bacteria that the PRR detects

peptidoglycan, LPS, flagellin , dsRNA, ssRNA, cell damage

What does the innate response depend on

cell type and patogen

PAMP stands for

Pathogen-Associated Molecular patterns

what is the PAMP recognition a clear sign of in terms of history

our long evolution with pathogens

PRRS are located on the cell _____ and within ____

surface; endosomes

PRRs in phagosome and endosomes detect components of microbes ____ by the cell

ingested

PRRs in the cytoplasms detect cell ____ and _____ components in teh cell’s cytoplasm

damage; microbial

What are examples of classes of PRRs (3)

Toll, NOD, RIG

____ PRR detects viral RNAs and then releases _____

cytoplasmic; IFNs

what macromolecule are IFNS

proteins

when does the cell release IFNs

whiles its being killed

During an IF response IFs bind to ______ cells and trigger _____

neighboring; recognition w

what is the ulimate goal of the IF response ?

if neighboring cells see the same virus they will immediately enter apoptosis

The IFN response limits the _______ of viruses

early spread

Inferon in neighboring cells iduces the synthesis of a group of _____, ______(iAVP) proteins

inactive antiviral

an infection of a neighboring cell with iAVP results in ______ of the iAVP and the cell performs _____

activation; apoptosis

What are the 3 ways to trigger the complement cascade

anitbodies, lectins, C3b

what is the pathway in commplement cascade triggered by Abs called

classic

lectins are ___ proteins from _____

serum; liver w

what triggers the lectin pathway

mannose-binding lectin (mbl) binding to microbes

what triggers the alternative pathway?

C3b bind to microbes

what do all complement casacade pathways lead to the formation of

C3 convertase

in opsonization in the complement cascasde ___ binds to microbes and functions as an ____

C3b; opsonin

what does opsinization trigger and by what?

phagocytosis by macrophages

What can the complement cascade lead to (3)

opsonization, membrane attack complex, or inflammatory response

what is the inflammatory response symptoms caused by

leaky vasculature

leaky vasculature in the inflammatory response facilitates the leaving of ____ with _____into tissues

macrophages; enzymes

What does the membrane attack complex make?

holes in the cell membrane of the target cell

PRRs help our body recognize

invaders

PRRs come from ____ genes in our genome

fixed

in which cells are PRRs expressed?

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

What does the PRR response depend on?

cell type, pathogen

What type of bacterial system can trigger the interferon response?

endotoxins

the interferon response can be ____

pyrogenic

What type of cells does the interfron response stimulate

antigen presenting cells and macrophages

What can an overdoes of the interferon response lead to

shock tissue damage, and death

Phagocytosis is done by which cells

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Phagocytosis is one response to___

opsonization

What is formed in pahgocytosis?

phagolysosomes

What is the role of the inflammatory response?

isolate damage/infection

What are the signs of inflammation (4)

swelling, redness, heat, and pain

What does inflammation cause leakage of

macrophages

What are 2 things inflammation is triggered by

microbes, physical damage to blood vessels