reproduction

Reproduction

the creation of offspring

Sexual and Asexual

two types of reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

when an organism reproduces through this process, it integrates the genetic information from each its parents to create a genetically distinct organism

Asexual Reproduction

one parent copies itself to produce a genetically identical offspring

Sexual Reproduction

the formation of an offspring by fusing a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

Asexual Reproduction

the development of progeny without the union of egg and sperm

Fission

is the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

Budding

new individuals emerge from the outgrowths of existing ones

Fragmentation

is the breaking of the body into fragments, some of which develop into adults and others which do not

Regeneration

Fragmentation must be accompanied by this so that the regrowth of bodily components will not be lost

Parthenogenesis

the formation of a new human from an unfertilized egg

Twofold Cost of Sexual Reproduction

sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females; regardless, nearly every eukaryotic creature reproduces sexually

Genetic Recombination

occurs as a result of sexual reproduction, which has potential benefits: a rise in offspring variety, resulting in increased parental reproductive success in changing conditions

Hermaphroditism

occurs when a person has both male and female reproductive systems

Hermaphrodites

can self-fertilize and two of this can mate

Fertilization

the joining of egg and sperm

Fertilization

a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction

External Fertilization

when a female’s eggs are fertilized by sperm from the outside world

Internal Fertilization

happens when sperm is implanted in or near the female reproductive system and fertilization takes place within it

Internal Fertilization

necessitates social connections and copulatory organs that are compatible

Environmental cues, pheromones, courtship behavior

are routinely used to mediate fertilization timing

Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits

are unique features of angiosperm life cycle

the alternation of a multicellular haploid (n) generation and a multicellular diploid (2n) generation

characterizes plant cycles

Meiosis

diploid sporophytes (2n) create spores (n), which develop into haploid gametophytes (n)

Mitosis

gametophytes create haploid gametes (n); fertilization of gametes results in a sporophyte

Sporophyte

or huge plant, is the dominant generation in angiosperms

Gametophytes

have shrunk in size and are completely reliant on the sporophyte for nutrition

three Fs: flowers, double fertilization, fruits

the angiosperm life cycle is defined by this

Double Fertilization

a pollen grain develops a pollen tube that spreads between the cells of the style toward the ovary after landing on a receptive stigma

Double Fertilization

the pollen tube releases two sperm into the embryo sac resulting to this

Plant Fertilization endosperm

is formed when one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm joins with the polar nuclei, resulting in triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)

Fragmentation

is a common method of asexual reproduction in which a parent plant is divided into fragments that mature into entire plants

Root System of the parent plant

produces adventitious shoots that develop into distinct shoot systems

Apomixis

asexual seed generation from a diploid cell

Vegetative Reproduction

is another name for asexual reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

can be beneficial to a successful plant in a steady environment

Clone of Plants

is subject to local extinction if the environment changes

Clones from Cutting

asexual reproduction occurs when plant fragments called cuttings are used to replicate asexually

Callus

when a stem is cut, this arises, which is a mass of proliferating undifferentiated cells that creates adventitious root

Grafting

this can be done on a twig or bud onto plant of a closely related species or variation is possible

Stock

the root system is provided by this

Scion

the stock is grafted using this

Vitro

produces have been used by plants scientists to generate and clone new plant varieties

Callus Undifferentiated

in response to plant hormones, this can grow branches and roots