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Reproduction
the creation of offspring
Sexual and Asexual
two types of reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
when an organism reproduces through this process, it integrates the genetic information from each its parents to create a genetically distinct organism
Asexual Reproduction
one parent copies itself to produce a genetically identical offspring
Sexual Reproduction
the formation of an offspring by fusing a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual Reproduction
the development of progeny without the union of egg and sperm
Fission
is the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size
Budding
new individuals emerge from the outgrowths of existing ones
Fragmentation
is the breaking of the body into fragments, some of which develop into adults and others which do not
Regeneration
Fragmentation must be accompanied by this so that the regrowth of bodily components will not be lost
Parthenogenesis
the formation of a new human from an unfertilized egg
Twofold Cost of Sexual Reproduction
sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females; regardless, nearly every eukaryotic creature reproduces sexually
Genetic Recombination
occurs as a result of sexual reproduction, which has potential benefits: a rise in offspring variety, resulting in increased parental reproductive success in changing conditions
Hermaphroditism
occurs when a person has both male and female reproductive systems
Hermaphrodites
can self-fertilize and two of this can mate
Fertilization
the joining of egg and sperm
Fertilization
a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction
External Fertilization
when a female’s eggs are fertilized by sperm from the outside world
Internal Fertilization
happens when sperm is implanted in or near the female reproductive system and fertilization takes place within it
Internal Fertilization
necessitates social connections and copulatory organs that are compatible
Environmental cues, pheromones, courtship behavior
are routinely used to mediate fertilization timing
Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits
are unique features of angiosperm life cycle
the alternation of a multicellular haploid (n) generation and a multicellular diploid (2n) generation
characterizes plant cycles
Meiosis
diploid sporophytes (2n) create spores (n), which develop into haploid gametophytes (n)
Mitosis
gametophytes create haploid gametes (n); fertilization of gametes results in a sporophyte
Sporophyte
or huge plant, is the dominant generation in angiosperms
Gametophytes
have shrunk in size and are completely reliant on the sporophyte for nutrition
three Fs: flowers, double fertilization, fruits
the angiosperm life cycle is defined by this
Double Fertilization
a pollen grain develops a pollen tube that spreads between the cells of the style toward the ovary after landing on a receptive stigma
Double Fertilization
the pollen tube releases two sperm into the embryo sac resulting to this
Plant Fertilization endosperm
is formed when one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm joins with the polar nuclei, resulting in triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)
Fragmentation
is a common method of asexual reproduction in which a parent plant is divided into fragments that mature into entire plants
Root System of the parent plant
produces adventitious shoots that develop into distinct shoot systems
Apomixis
asexual seed generation from a diploid cell
Vegetative Reproduction
is another name for asexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
can be beneficial to a successful plant in a steady environment
Clone of Plants
is subject to local extinction if the environment changes
Clones from Cutting
asexual reproduction occurs when plant fragments called cuttings are used to replicate asexually
Callus
when a stem is cut, this arises, which is a mass of proliferating undifferentiated cells that creates adventitious root
Grafting
this can be done on a twig or bud onto plant of a closely related species or variation is possible
Stock
the root system is provided by this
Scion
the stock is grafted using this
Vitro
produces have been used by plants scientists to generate and clone new plant varieties
Callus Undifferentiated
in response to plant hormones, this can grow branches and roots