reproduction

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44 Terms

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Reproduction

the creation of offspring

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Sexual and Asexual

two types of reproduction

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Sexual Reproduction

when an organism reproduces through this process, it integrates the genetic information from each its parents to create a genetically distinct organism

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Asexual Reproduction

one parent copies itself to produce a genetically identical offspring

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Sexual Reproduction

the formation of an offspring by fusing a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

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Asexual Reproduction

the development of progeny without the union of egg and sperm

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Fission

is the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size

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Budding

new individuals emerge from the outgrowths of existing ones

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Fragmentation

is the breaking of the body into fragments, some of which develop into adults and others which do not

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Regeneration

Fragmentation must be accompanied by this so that the regrowth of bodily components will not be lost

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Parthenogenesis

the formation of a new human from an unfertilized egg

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Twofold Cost of Sexual Reproduction

sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females; regardless, nearly every eukaryotic creature reproduces sexually

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Genetic Recombination

occurs as a result of sexual reproduction, which has potential benefits: a rise in offspring variety, resulting in increased parental reproductive success in changing conditions

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Hermaphroditism

occurs when a person has both male and female reproductive systems

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Hermaphrodites

can self-fertilize and two of this can mate

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Fertilization

the joining of egg and sperm

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Fertilization

a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction

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External Fertilization

when a female’s eggs are fertilized by sperm from the outside world

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Internal Fertilization

happens when sperm is implanted in or near the female reproductive system and fertilization takes place within it

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Internal Fertilization

necessitates social connections and copulatory organs that are compatible

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Environmental cues, pheromones, courtship behavior

are routinely used to mediate fertilization timing

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Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits

are unique features of angiosperm life cycle

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the alternation of a multicellular haploid (n) generation and a multicellular diploid (2n) generation

characterizes plant cycles

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Meiosis

diploid sporophytes (2n) create spores (n), which develop into haploid gametophytes (n)

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Mitosis

gametophytes create haploid gametes (n); fertilization of gametes results in a sporophyte

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Sporophyte

or huge plant, is the dominant generation in angiosperms

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Gametophytes

have shrunk in size and are completely reliant on the sporophyte for nutrition

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three Fs: flowers, double fertilization, fruits

the angiosperm life cycle is defined by this

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Double Fertilization

a pollen grain develops a pollen tube that spreads between the cells of the style toward the ovary after landing on a receptive stigma

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Double Fertilization

the pollen tube releases two sperm into the embryo sac resulting to this

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Plant Fertilization endosperm

is formed when one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm joins with the polar nuclei, resulting in triploid food-storing endosperm (3n)

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Fragmentation

is a common method of asexual reproduction in which a parent plant is divided into fragments that mature into entire plants

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Root System of the parent plant

produces adventitious shoots that develop into distinct shoot systems

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Apomixis

asexual seed generation from a diploid cell

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Vegetative Reproduction

is another name for asexual reproduction

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Asexual Reproduction

can be beneficial to a successful plant in a steady environment

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Clone of Plants

is subject to local extinction if the environment changes

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Clones from Cutting

asexual reproduction occurs when plant fragments called cuttings are used to replicate asexually

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Callus

when a stem is cut, this arises, which is a mass of proliferating undifferentiated cells that creates adventitious root

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Grafting

this can be done on a twig or bud onto plant of a closely related species or variation is possible

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Stock

the root system is provided by this

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Scion

the stock is grafted using this

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Vitro

produces have been used by plants scientists to generate and clone new plant varieties

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Callus Undifferentiated

in response to plant hormones, this can grow branches and roots