Macromolecules

What were the five molecules that made up a majority of the early Earth atmosphere?

Water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia

What three conditions were stimulated by Miller-Urey apparatus to show that life could arise?

Electrodes simulated lightning, 5L flask was filled with gases found in the early atmosphere, 500mL flask contains boiling water to simulate evaporation from the oceans

What did Erwin Chargaff conclude about the four bases of DNA?

A=T and C=G

-larger and mostly made of carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds

Organic compunds

What complex compounds were formed in the apparatus after two weeks?

Carbon was converted to sugars, amino acid, and nucleic acids

Why is carbon such an essential element in the formation of organic compounds?

It can form 4 bonds (more than most elements)

-made of repeating units

Polymer

-Made of individual units

Monomer

What is the monomer of Nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Glucose

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What is the monomer of lipids?

Fatty acids

What are nucleic acids used for?

To store instructions within cells

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA, ATP

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

-found in nucleolus, spiraling double helix, nitrogenous base

DNA (sugar= deoxyribose)

-found outside of nucleolus, single-stranded helix, nitrogenous base

RNA (sugar= ribose)

What does ATP do in cells?

Nucleotide used to transfer energy within cels (broken down to ADP when energy is released)

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

Carbon, oxygen, and hyrdogen

-carbohydrates with One sugar monomer

Monasaccharide

What do monosaccharides do? Give an example:

Short-term energy storage (glucose)

-carbohydrates with Two sugar monomers

Diasaccharide

What are disaccharides function? Give an example:

Energy storage (sucrose, lactose)

-carbohydrates with Three or more monosaccharides

Polysacchride

-energy stored in plants

Starch (function of polysaccharides)

-energy storage in animals

Glycogen (function of polysaccharides)

-cell walls in plants

Cellulose (function of polysaccharides)

-exoskeleton of insects

Chitin (functions of polsaccharides)

What are examples of lipids?

Fat, steroids

What elements are lipids made of?

Carbon and hydrogen

Are lipids considered polymers?

NO

All lipids are HYDROPHOBIC. What does this mean?

They DO NOT dissolve in water

-long chains of carbon atoms with SINGLE BONDS only, SOLIDS

Saturated fats

-long chains of carbon atoms with SINGLE AND DOUBLE bonds, liquids, healthier

Unsaturated fatty acids

What two molecules are triglycerides made of?

Gycerol (3-carbon molecule) and Three fatty acids

Where are tryglycerides found?

Arteries and body fat

How is a phospholipid different than a tryglyceride?

Phospholipid- made of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate

Triglyceride- made of 3 fatty acids

-are aranged to keep the hydrophobic tails away from water

Bilayer sheet

-lipids with four interconnected carbon rings (chloresterol, testoreone, estrogen)

Steroid

Proteins are chains of______

Amin acids (20 different types, 9 essential)

-provide framework for the body (collagen in ligaments)

Support (function of protein)

-contract and create movement (skeletal muscle)

Movement (function of protein)

-transport of material in and out of cell (glucose transporter in cell membranes)

Transport (function of proterins)

-prevent changes in ph ( proteins in blood plasma)

Buffering (functions of proteins)

-speed up the role of chemical reactions (digestive enzymes in the stomach)

Metabolic regulation (function of proteins)

-signal changes throughout the body ( hormones (insulin))

Coordination (function of proteins)

Protects against bacteria and viruses ( antibioditics in blood)

Defense (function of proteins)

What does the sequence of amino acids determine?

The shape which determines its function

-a change in the shape of a protein that causes it to loose its normal function

Denatured

What two conditions cause denaturation?

Heat and exposure to acids

-proteins that speed up chemical reacts, bind to substrates and faciliate a reaction that turns them into products

Enzyme

The inputs in an enzyme-catalyed recation are called_______

Substrate (hydrogen peroxide)

The outputs in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are called______

Product

-the minimum energy needed to initiate a reaction

Activation energy

Enzyme or no enzyme: activation energy is higher, reaction rate is slower

NO ENZYME

Enzyme or no enzyme: Activation energy is lowered, reaction rate increaeses

ENZYME

-each enzyme will only be active against the substrate thats fits its shape

Lock-and-key theory

Enzyme activity: TOO COLD

Molecules move slowly, limiting reaction

Enzyme activity: OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE

Moelcules move faster, enzyme structure is still intact, maximum reaction speed

Enzyme activity: TOO HOT

Enzyme is denatured, loosing its shape and function

What is the primary function of nucleic acid?

Store genetic information

What is the primary function of lipids?

Long-term energy

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Short-term energy

What is the primary function of proteins?

Repair and rebuild tissue

What are the elements in nucleic acid?

C-H-O-N-P

What are the elements in lipids?

C-H

What are the elements in carbohydrates?

C-H-O

What are the elements in proteins?

C-H-O-N

-a large molecule

Macromolecule

During metabolic processes, which macromolecule is primarily broken down to provide quick energy for the body?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary elements that make up all living organisms: carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen

Phosphorus

At the planet’s beginning, what gas was missing from the atmosphere?

Oxygen

What element is primary for organic compounds due to the fact this element has four bonds?

Carbon

What substance is common between DNA and RNA?

Nitrogenous Base

Sugar, startch, and cellulose are examples of______

Carbbohydrates

Surcrose is an example of________

Disaccharides

Large and varied group of macromolecules that are generally not soluble in water is known as_______

Lipids

True or False: Enzymes slow the activation energy of a substrate

FALSE

Proteins are polymers of _____

Amino acids

Glucose is also reffered to as______

Blood sugar

What typed of fatty acids is this?

Saturated

What macromolecue is shown?

Nucleic acid

What is the DNA sequence that is complimentary to the base sequence ACCGTAT

TGGCATA

Watson and Crick discovered that two strands of DNA join to form a______

Double helix

The process that makes an exact copy of a cell’s DNA is called____

Replication

When new DNA molecules are formed, almost all errors are detected and fixed by____

DNA polymerase

What is the main functions of DNA polymerase?

Binds nucleotides and corrects base pair errors

Which of the following events occurs directly after a DNA molecule is unzipped?

Free-floating nucleotides pair up with exposed bases

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows in one direction from_____

DNA to RNA to protiens

What is the nucleotide sequence of the RNA strand that would be complementary to the following DNA strand

CAUCAGU

The main function of tRNA is to____

Bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

What is the term for a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

Codon

Mutations that can affect the offspring of an organism occur in what cell type?

Blood

What are examples of mutagens?

UV sunlight, alcohol, cigarette smoke

In humans, where does DNA replication take place?

Nucleus

During transcription, what does messenger RNA do?

It delivers DNA”S instructions for making proteins

DNA replication takes place during the ___ phase of _______ in the cell cycle

S, interphase

DNA is a polymer made of_____

Nucleotides

What is the role of deoxyribose and phosphate in the DNA molecule?

Form the spiraling double helix “backbone” of the moelcule

What is the role of the nitrogenous base in the DNA molecule?

Form the “rungs of the molecule”