Unit 1 Quiz 1

Compounds/Molecules

Combination of 2 or more atoms formed by bonds

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons from one element to another, between a metal and nonmetal

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between nonmetals to fill their valence orbital

Water Structure

H2O, bent molecule with polarity and hydrogen bonds

Cohesion

Ability of water molecules to stick together

Adhesion

Ability of water to stick to other surfaces, forming hydrogen bonds

Solvent

Ability of water to dissolve other polar/charged molecules

Density of Water

Less dense at freezing, most dense at 4 degrees Celsius

Specific Heat of Water

High specific heat makes it difficult to warm and cool down water

pH

Measurement of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution

Acid

Contains more hydrogen ions, pH range of 1-6.9

Base

Contains more hydroxide ions, pH range of 7.1-14

Neutral

Equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, pH of 7 (water)

Proton

Positively charged in nucleus of atom.

Electron

Negatively charged orbiting atom, weighing near nothing.

Neutron

Neutrally charged in the nucleus of an atom.

What is an isotope?

An isotope is a variant of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.

What is the potential energy of the different shells around an atom?

The potential energy of shells around an atom increases with distance from the nucleus. The K shell has the lowest energy, followed by the L shell. The outer shells (M, N, O) have higher energy due to weaker attraction from the nucleus. Energy increases away from the nucleus.

polar covalent bonds

Type of chemical bond where electrons are unequally shared between atoms, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

Type of chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed by losing electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.