AMSCO Unit 5 Vocab Words

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

nationalism

intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture

Empiricism

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience; observations through experience

Thomas Hobbes

17th century English philosopher who believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority; wrote Leviathan

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property

social contract

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits; give up some rights to a strong central government for law and order and protection of other rights

Tabula Rasa

Latin for blank slate; Locke thought children were born with minds like blank slates

philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. NOT philosophers per se

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A Frenchman who believed that human beings are naturally good and free, and can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism; he advocated for freer trade in response to mercantilism

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. French concept; Adam Smith liked this.

capitalism

economic system where means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

deism

the belief a divinity simply set natural laws in motion

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). He wrote Common Sense.

conservatism

belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories

socialism

a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as cloth mills

Henri de Saint-Simon

Utopian socialist who wanted a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes. Liked public works providing employment, like the Suez Canal

Charles Fourier

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Robert Owen

Welsh/British industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858), like a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland

Fabian Society

Gradual socialists, wanted reform through parliament. Many famous British people like HG Wells and George Bernard Shaw were members of this society

Classical liberalism

An ideology that is based on the belief that the rights and freedoms of the individual should be the foundation for society. It was largely embraced during the 1800s in Europe, especially in its emphasis on a capitalist free-market economy relying on laissez-faire economics

Feminism

EXTRA SPECIAL FOR ME SINCE I'M A BIG FEMINIST... Technically women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment Ideas, but so much more for me!

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women. She wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Women.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Abolitionism

Movement to end the slave trade and institution of slavery

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland where their ancestors had once lived

Antisemitism

Hatred and fear of Jews

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Dreyfus Affair

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country.

CONGRATS!

End of section 5.1

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state. Relied on Enlightenment ideas

liberty, equality, and fraternity

key slogan/maxim of the French Revolution

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution. Symbolized the abuses of the aristocracy

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty", including the king and queen, brutally and in front of the public

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. Raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa and rebelled against the British

Toussaint L'Ouverture

First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who led the Haitian Rebellion, wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state, but was captured by Napoleon.

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Mulatto

Mixed African and European descent.

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican who wrote patriotic poems that supported Cuban independence.

Propaganda movement

a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1896 with the most activity between 1880 and 1895.

Italian Peninsula

a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea; where Italy is located

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples helped lead to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) from the south.

Count di Cavour

The so-called brains of Italian unification. Conservative Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia whose political skill unified Italy under his king Victor Emanuel.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (Second Reich)

immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman government in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethnic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights.

CONGRATS!

End of section 5.2

spinning jenny

A machine that played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. It could spin more than one yarn at a time and could be operated by a treadle or by hand.

water frame

waterpowered machine that drove the spinning wheel; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

James Hargreaves

inventor of the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, known as a factory

agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

crop rotation

The practice of using different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Industrialization

The increased mechanization of production and the social changes that accompanies this shift

cottage industry

A system in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin and interchangeable parts(1765-1825)

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

division of labor

separation of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

specialization of labor

When workers focus on one type of task instead of crafting every component of a productto increase efficiency and productivity.

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

enclosure movement

A movement in 18th century England in which the government fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land.

capital

money available to invest in businesses

seaways

an inland waterway capable of accommodating seagoing ships.

raw materials

the basic, unprocessed material extracted or harvested from the environment such as coal or oil from which a product is made.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City

Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England; first major rail line linked Liverpool to Manchester in 1830.

CONGRATS!

End of section 5.3

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

human capital

the economic value of a worker’s experience and skills

company rule

a period where a European trading companies, like the British East India Company, had significant political and administrative control over a territory

CONGRATS!

End of section 5.4

coal

A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material

coaling stations

these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian physicist who invented the radio

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that facilitated US industrial growth

steam engine

An invention by James Watt that provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor of the steam engine

steel

An alloy of iron and carbon that is both durable and flexible and was widely used in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

oil

A liquid fossil fuel extracted from below Earth’s surface and derived from plant and animal remains that is burned to obtain energy

capital

money for investment

Second Industrial Revolution

The new wave of heavier industrialization such as Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics which started around the late 19th cent.

CONGRATS!

End of section 5.5

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s and whose loyal followers executed the Mamluk leaders.

In the power vacuum created, he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.