Environmental Science - Chapter 6

Terminology and Key Concepts

population change

subtracting the number of people leaving a population (through death and emigration) from the number entering it (through birth and immigration) during a year

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children born to the women of childbearing age in a population

life expectancy

the average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live

infant mortality rate

the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday

migration

the movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas

age structure

is the numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population

demographic transition

as countries become industrialized and economically developed, their per capita incomes rise, poverty declines, and their populations tend to grow more slowly.

Family planning

provide education and clinical services that can help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them

Smart growth

is a set of policies and tools that encourages more environmentally sustainable urban development with less dependence on cars