PSYC 1101 – Exam 2 Study Guide: Motivation & Development

These flashcards cover key concepts in motivation, development, memory, emotion, and their definitions based on lecture notes.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with reward, pleasure, and motivation.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that contributes to mood stability.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter linked to alertness and arousal.

Ghrelin

A hormone that increases hunger.

Leptin

A hormone that decreases hunger.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style associated with the best outcomes for children.

Authoritarian parenting

A strict parenting style with low warmth.

Permissive parenting

A lenient parenting style that allows much freedom.

Neglectful parenting

A parenting style characterized by uninvolvement.

Secure attachment

An attachment style where individuals feel safe and supported.

Avoidant attachment

An attachment style marked by emotional distance and avoidance of closeness.

Anxious/Ambivalent attachment

An attachment style that is characterized by anxiety and uncertainty regarding relationships.

Disorganized attachment

A confused or contradictory attachment style often linked to inconsistent parenting.

Erikson's stages of development

A theory outlining social development stages such as trust and identity.

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Includes Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational stages.

Vygotsky's concepts

Include social learning, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and scaffolding.

Explicit memory

Memory that can be consciously recalled, including episodic and semantic types.

Implicit memory

Memory that is not consciously recalled, often related to skills.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events prior to a trauma.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a trauma.

Primacy effect

The tendency to remember the first items in a list.

Recency effect

The tendency to remember the last items in a list.

Chunking

A memory technique that involves grouping information to enhance recall.

Schemas

Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

Assimilation

The process of fitting new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

The process of changing schemas to fit new information.

State-dependent memory

Recall is improved when an individual is in the same state during encoding as retrieval.

Context-dependent memory

Recall is improved when the context at retrieval matches the context during encoding.

Proactive interference

The tendency for older memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

Retroactive interference

The tendency for newer memories to interfere with the retrieval of older memories.

James-Lange theory

A theory of emotion suggesting physiological changes precede emotional experiences.

Cannon-Bard theory

A theory of emotion proposing that physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor theory

A theory of emotion that suggests emotions are based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Cultural display rules

Cultural norms that dictate the appropriate expression of emotions.

Moderate arousal

The level of arousal that is associated with the best performance.