Pneumonia Targets and Associations

Adenovirus

dsDNA virus associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and pink eye infections

Coronavirus

positive sense ssRNA virus named for its crown-like projections on its surface, includes common types: 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1

Human Metapneumovirus

negative sense ssRNA virus first reported in 2001, suggested spillover from its avian counterpart estimated to have occurred around 1800

Influenza A

negative sense ssRNA virus that replicates in the nucleus, has hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and M2 protein virulence factors

Influenza B

negative sense ssRNA virus that replicates in the nucleus, has hemagglutinin and neuraminidase virulence factors

Parainfluenza virus

negative sense ssRNA virus belonging to the paramyxo family known for causing croup in children

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

negative sense ssRNA virus belonging to the paramyxo family known for causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex

nonfermenting, glucose oxidizing, gram negative coccobacillus, oxidase negative

Enterobacter cloacae complex

glucose and lactose fermenting, encapsulated, gram negative rod, non-motile, +=++, oxidase negative

Escherichia coli

glucose and lactose fermenting, gram negative rod, ++==, oxidase negative

Haemophilus influenzae

fastidious gram negative rod requiring X and V factors for growth, oxidase positive

Klebsiella aerogenes

glucose and lactose fermenting, gram negative rod, ==++, oxidase negative

Klebsiella oxytoca

glucose and lactose fermenting, encapsulated, gram negative rod, non-motile, +=++, oxidase negative

Klebsiella pneumoniae group

glucose and lactose fermenting, encapsulated, gram negative rod, non-motile, ==++, oxidase negative

Moraxella catarrhalis

fastidious gram negative cocci, DNase positive and produces butyrate esterase, oxidase positive

Proteus spp.

glucose fermenting, gram negative rod, phenylalanine deaminase positive, usually an H₂S producer, oxidase negative

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

nonfermenting gram negative rod, producing pyocyanin and pyoverdin pigments, oxidase positive

Serratia marcescens

pigmented glucose and late-lactose fermenting, gram negative rod, DNase positive, oxidase negative

Staphylococcus aureus

coagulase positive gram positive cocci in clusters

Streptococcus agalactiae

beta hemolytic, gram positive cocci, resistant to bacitracin, hippurate hydrolysis positive

Streptococcus pneumoniae

alpha hemolytic, gram positive diplococci, susceptible to ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride

Streptococcus pyogenes

beta hemolytic, gram positive cocci, susceptible to bacitracin and PYR +

Chlamydia pneumoniae

obligate intracellular parasite/bacteria with pear shaped elementary body, causes atypical pneumonia

Legionella pneumophila

fastidious, weakly staining gram negative rod which requires L-cysteine for growth, causative agent of Pontiac fever

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

no cell wall, causes atypical pneumonia

mecA/C and MREJ

methicillin resistance by altering penicillin binding protein

KPC

carbapenem resistance: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

NDM

carbapenem resistance: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase

Oxa-48-like

carbapenem resistance: Oxacillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase-48

VIM

carbapenem resistance: Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase

IMP

carbapenem resistance: Imipenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase

CTX-M

extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance