History 106 TAMU Bach Exam 3

Harry S. Truman (D)

-Tried to carry on New Deal

-American people were more concerned about what was happening over seas (communism)

-Public rejects Fair Deal- American weary of shortages and want high wages postwar

-Employment Act of 1946- created council of economic advisors (did not do much)

-Domestic Policy

Republicans..

-took advantage of democrats

-in house and senate for the first time since 1930

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

-outlawed specific union activities

-president is permitted to enact on 80 day cooling off period to delay strikes

Election of 1948

Truman(D) vs. Dewey (R)

-democratic party split 3 ways

-Truman won election

Storm Thurmond

-election of 1948

-founder of Dixie Crats

Dixie Crats

-Storm Thurmond

-democratic political party

-States' rights for segregation

-called for federal government totalitarian

-Racists, without saying they are

Henry Wallace

-progressive

The Korean War (1950-1953)

-removal of Korea from Japanese control

Soviet Union and U.S. decide to divide the country into what?

2 separate occupational zones at the 38th parallel (N. Korea vs. S. Korea)

North Korea is.. while South Korea is...

communist; anti-communist

June 23, 1950

N. Korea invades S. Korea

When N. Korea invaded S. Korea, United Nations calls on members to resist invasion and the UN Forces...

marched North w/ goal to unify Korea under non-communist government

Mao Zedong

led communist revolution in China

who ignores chinas repeated warning not to invade N. Korea

Truman

General Douglas MacArthur

-Led troops to Korea

-thought China would not attack

-fired for subordination

China counter attacks MacArthur's army, pushing them out of N. Korea

Truman gives up attempt to unify Korea

General Omar Bradley

says that show down w/ Communism in Asia would be WRONG- time and enemy

Outcome of Korean War

increased tension between Soviets and Korea

The Red Scare

fear of communism in the United States

House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

-hearings on communism and hollywood film industry

-charged hollywood with committing communists acts

Loyalty Program

if you are working for the government you're going sounder go a loyalty test

Loyalty Board

oversees the investigations in loyalty program

The accused

received a list of charges and could not challenge charges

communists subversion

american citizens are communist/sabotaging

first amendment

race,sex, and foreign policy all raised concerns. Communism was associated with civil rights, free love, sexuality (left wing)

Hollywood 10

refused to answer questions about politics ideals/ whether they were communists or not

Joseph McCarthy

accused many people of being communists- never identified a single communists that wasn't already known by FBI

Dean Acheson

red dead- communist

Red Scare Effects on Culture

-soviet union explodes an atom bomb in '49

-China falls to Communism in '49, Czechoslovakia falls to Communism in '48

-Manhattan scientists admit to sharing secrets w/ Russians, charged w/ espionage

-state and municipal governments make laws to curve subversives (punish people who act in communist ways)

-Life imprisonment to those who use subversive language in Michigan

-40 films from hollywood- iron curtain, steel fist, red mennist- most productions flopped

Baby-Boom

no family complete w/out children (1 birth every 7 seconds)

Suburbia and Social life -->

-Uniformity

-easy credit, no down payments, no closing cost on all home purchases

-no diversity in homes

-family is center of living

-middle class married couples with young children (majority white)

-"Levit Towns" - 7 large suburban housing developments

American likes Eisenhower because

-moderate

-preserved New Deal

-made American feel at ease

-relaxed, enjoy family

women go to college to

find a wealthy, steady husband

Television shows

demonstrated strong family; 2 parents and children

ex: I Love Lucy, Leave it to Beaver, Father knows Best

Organizations- PTA

Organizations make sure lawns perfectly manicured

sex

-later day puritanism citizens believed that marriage should be between married heterosexual adults

-state laws tried to ban oral/anal sex

-prohibited sex between unwed heterosexuals

-double standard: natural for men to act upon desire, not women

federal government promotes religion

-95% americans were religious

-under God was added to pledge

-in God we trust on currency in 50s

-Eisenhower said with out God no American form of government or American way of life

-children were raised right under religion

Economic Boom & Consumption

-beginning of sizable middle class

-wages increase 30%

1. unleashed personal saving went up in WW2

2.population growth resulting in expansion of markets

3. easy credit, GI Bill (benefits for veterans of WW2), and federal spending kept economy vibrant

High demand for luxuries

Children- toys, radios, hulu hoops, and barbies

-many families lived on credit and went into debt

The Beats

-October 7th, 1955 @ San Fransisco Sixth Gallery Poem- Howell (poem about drugs)- unleashed rage by Alan Ginsberg.

-Cold War culture and the silent generation (people that were in college in the 50s)

Dissented or "Dis-tested"

-CIA, christianity

-dark clothing, beards, mingled with blacks, poor, smoke weed, jazz, interracial and homosexual relationships

The status of Af. Americans before the civil rights movement

Af. Americans fighting against communism abroad forced america to see that not everyone was free in America

African Americans

segregation worse in the South

- everything was segregated- schools, bathrooms, busses

Truman and Civil Rights

-appoints commission on civil rights "to secure these rights"

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

-can establish civil rights commission & proposal to deny any federal funds to segregated schools and facilities

Af. Americans in the North

-liked Truman

-Truman made civil rights important at a national level in democratic legislation

-tension between southern and northern democrats

In 1948, truman ordered..

desegregation of the armed forced

-army resist, air force and navy comply right away

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

dividing children bc of their race would affect their minds in a way unable to be undone

-school segregation proceeded

NAACP

-focused on universities and the K-12 public schools

-Led by Thurgood

-Marshall challenged Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal"- violated 14th amendment

Southern Manifesto (1956)

denounced Brown decision as a "clear abuse of judicial power" signed by 101 representatives from the deep south.

pupil placement laws

-scholastic aptitude to stop desegregation

-lack of presidential support so it was weakened

Eisenhower sucks with civil rights

never publicly endorsed the Brown vs. Board case

Desegregation of little rock central high

called out national guard to prevent desegregation.

-9 black students rejected from entering high school

-eisenhower sent 1000 paratroopers to get students in

-finished year with armed guard

MLK jr.

-wanted to achieve practical goal of fair treatment, leader of civil rights movements

-Rosa Parks: active in the NAACP and refused to give up seat on city bus

-influenced by Ghandi and Henry David Thoreau

-assasinated in Memphis, Tennessee

Montgomery Bus Boycott

-event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama

- carpool so don't have to ride bus

-boycott worked and supreme court ruled in 1956 that it was unconstitutional

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

-King founded

-non-violent civil disobedience- break unjust laws

-unite broken community through christianity

Civil Rights Activist

-Ella Baker

-JoAnn Robinson

-Bayard Rustin

-Ralph Abernathy

John F Kennedy

-promised to stimulate the economy under banner of "new frontier'

-won over the AA by releasing MLK from jail

-symbolized youth, energy, and ambition

-mastered new medium for television

-Ardent Cold Warrior- lead to victory

-more interested in foreign policy than domestic affairs

JFK's Foreign Policy

-Supported nation-building- modernize government

-Peace Corps- helping countries understand each others cultures

-Alliance for Progress- aid program for Latin America, designed to improve U.S. relations with Latin America

-Vietnam- independence from France (anticommunist in south and communist in the north)

-Domino Theory- one country falls to communism, other will too

-Bay of Pigs- tried to overthrow Fidel Castro (Cuban Communist) but unsuccessful so US-Cuban relations deteriorate

-JFK takes full responsibility

Cuban Missile Crisis

- 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores.

-enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force

-Soviet's will remove the Cuban and Turkey missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba.

-peaceful

JFK's Domestic Policy

-raised minimum wage

-more manpower training

-Executive Order ending sex discrimination

-Equal Pay Act- equal pay for women

-Mental retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Act- made it easier for mental patients to get out hospitals

-civil rights bill

Greensboro, NC

-AA students sit in at a segregated lunch area

nonviolent protest that resulted in desegregation

Student Non-Violent Coordinated Committee (SNCC)

passive resistance and breaking the law

-ex: sit-ins, read-ins

Freedom Riders-

effort by CORE (congress of racial equality) to integrate busses

-beatings and burnings by racists

-kennedy slow on civil rights bc he didn't want to alienate southern democrats

James Meredith and the integration of Ole Miss-

tried to integrate schools, a white mob shows up. JFK had to send federal marshals to preserve order, hostile crowd attacked guard and army with stones, rocket, bottles, and firearms

Birmingham Campaign

-Bohl Connor: Chief police in Birmingham

-organized by SCLC

-children on the line

-aired on TV for everyone to see

-city's discrimination laws changed

Medgar Evans assassination

African American civil rights leader shot by white supremacy in his drive way

March on Washington

-push for good jobs and Kennedy administration into the civil rights bill

-"I have a dream" speech

Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

-foxy grandfather

-crude

-huge ego

-FDR was his idol

Johnson Treatment-

-left a person stunned and senseless

-physical power of persuasion

Civil Rights Act of 1964

-Conservative coalition- republicans supportes blockage of civil rights

-s. democrats put up 50 day filibuster

-outlawed racial discrimination and segregation in public areas

-pledged for desegregation of schools

War on Poverty

-prevailing affluence hid poverty

-state of union speech LBJ declares war on poverty

-funding was never high enough to meet the goals of economic growth: massive tax cuts

-22% to 11% in 1970

-did help

Barry Goldwater

-ran against LBJ

-unregulated free enterprise

-ideology ahead of political extremency

Medicare under LBJ

medical benefits or insurance to all elderly person over 65

Medicaid under LBJ

funded medical assistance to the poor and others in need

Elementary and Secondary Act

provided 1 million dollars in federal funding for schools

Voting Rights Act of 1956

-MLK pushed another march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama

-LBJ working with MLK

-outlawed literacy tests, federal examiners

would register qualified voters

-in 1 year, over 100 African Americans were registered to vote

Vietnam

-LBJ doesn't want to lose them to communism

-becomes obsession

-leads to downfall

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

N. Vietnamese torpedoes supposedly attack two american ships

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

-states that president was given the authority to take measures to repeal armed attacks and prevent further aggression

-US will defend S. vietnam

War in Vietnam

-LBJ authorized troops in N. Vietnam to protect bases in S. Vietnam

-LBJ kept sending troops to strengthen American Credibility

-Congress' focus on war destroys great society

-communist victory

-search and destroy tactics (ineffective)

Viat Kong

-communist political organization in S. Vietnam

-ambushing America

-bombs dropped on south

-communists decided when and where war took place

-war at stalemate- american people turning against war they previously supported

Rock Music Focus

-1855-1970: reflections of change

-sounds

-lyrics

-historical texts

Rock Music roots

-blues, jazz, black gospel

"Musical Miscegenation"

-combination of white and black music

-sexual term

-Hank Williams Move it on Over

Slave Spirituals

-sung while picking cotton

-Robert Johnson - Cross Roads Blues

Gospel

-black church

-Otis Redding- a change is gonna come (civil rights, 1964)

Big Beat jazz Music

Louis Jordan and the Tymphonia

Mainstream Pop

-Mostly whites

-How much is that doggie in the window- Patti Page

Early Rock and Roll Era

-fear of adverse effect on Anglo-Saxon

-brought forth antagonism between races

-mostly black music

-rhythm of blues sang in south by blacks

-racism

-Elvis Presley- Heartbreak Hotel

-Chuck Berry- school day (black man singing about concerns of white teens but he sounded white so he was on stations that didn't even allow black music)

-Buddy Holley - 1st white rocker, writes own music, 2 guitar, bassist and drums

Anti-War Movement

-resisting the draft

-Columbia University- SDS and Af. joined forces seizing 5 buildings paralyzing school

-Vietnam Moratorium- more than a million ppl nation wide participated in opposition of the war

-Mobilization Day Rally- Marched on Washington: hippies, radicals, and working class against war

Cultural Rebellion- counterculture

-young people challenging by hair, sex, clothing and nature loving culture

-music was touchstone

-Woodstock: Festival in NY that is a gathering for 3 days of peace and music

Civil Rights Post 1965

-Black Power

-Snick- revered nonviolence from MLK

-black pride: AA heritage and culture

-Pan-Africanism- identification with african american culture not matter geographical-links black and american freedom

-Black Power is SELF EMPOWERMENT

Black Panther Party

-for self defense, most controversial

-founded by Bobby Steal and Huey Newton

-community action group- what we want what we believe

-provided food, shelter, education, and alternate housing

-champions of 2nd amendment- open carry

Cesar Chavez and the Mexican American Movement

-organize the poorly paid grape and lettuce pickers in California into the Farm Workers' Association (NFWA)

-appealed to ethnic nationalism

-campaigned for bilingual programs

Women's liberation

-problem with no name

Betty Friedman

-The feminine mystique

-encouraged women to get education and careers

-argued that husbands need to help with nurturing children - traditional marriage roles redefined

national organization of women

-fully equal partnership of the sexes

-full participation in the mainstream of american society

Gay Liberation- Stonewall

-Manhattan police threatened to close the gay hangouts and bars

-Crowds would taught officers

-A lesbian put up a fight and the place was set on fire

-Grafitti stating gay power arrived and social mvmt started

-origination of movement

Election of 1968

Nixon (R)- wins

Humphrey (D)

Wallace- American Independent (takes deep south)