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The Three Souths
A classification describing the southern United States divided into Generalizations, Border South, Middle South, and Lower South based on their climates, slave populations, and commitments to slavery.
Generalizations about the South
As one travels further North, the climate cools, the number of slaves decreases, and the commitment to slavery lessens.
Mountain whites
Residents of the Appalachian Mountains who mostly sided with the Union during the Civil War.
Border South states
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, characterized by fewer plantations and crops like tobacco.
Plantation ownership in the Border South (1850)
22% of white families owned slaves, with an average of 5 slaves per slaveholder.
Free black population in the Border South (1850)
Over 21% of Border South’s black population were free.
Middle South states
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, embodying both industrial and agricultural elements.
Lower South states
South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, with the highest commitment to slavery and plantation agriculture.
Disunionists in the Lower South
Secessionists who prevailed after Lincoln’s election in 1860.
Afro-American slave culture
A blend of West African cultural elements, family ties, oral traditions, and religion retained within the American slave community.
Fictive kin
Members of a community who are considered family even though they are not related by blood.
Stono Rebellion (1739)
A slave uprising in South Carolina that led to stricter laws and repression against slaves.
Gabriel Prosser's revolt (1800)
An unsuccessful military slave revolt plan that resulted in the execution of Gabriel Prosser and others.
Denmark Vesey's revolt (1822)
A planned large-scale slave revolt that failed due to betrayal and resulted in the hanging of Vesey and others.
Nat Turner’s revolt (1831)
The largest enslaved revolt in the South, resulting in significant violence and fears among plantation owners.
The Second Great Awakening (SGA)
A religious revival movement that emphasized personal salvation and reform in society during the early nineteenth century.
Charles Finney
A prominent preacher in the North leading the Second Great Awakening, emphasizing personal conversion.
The Female Moral Reform Society (FMRS)
An organization that emerged to combat prostitution and help women during the societal reform movements of the 1830s.
Temperance movement
A widespread movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, inspired by religious beliefs and societal concerns.
Dorothea Dix
A reformer who advocated for better treatment of mentally ill individuals and improvements in prison conditions.
Abolitionism
The movement advocating for the immediate end of slavery, gaining momentum after 1830.
American Colonization Society
Founded in 1816 to transport free African Americans back to Africa, reflecting early abolitionist sentiments.
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed amendment to prohibit slavery in territories gained from Mexico, highlighting sectional tensions.
The Compromise of 1850
A series of laws aimed at solving disputes over slavery in new territories, including admitting California as a free state.
Fugitive Slave Act
A law that made it easier for slaveowners to retrieve runaway slaves, leading to Northern resistance and increased abolitionist sentiment.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
A novel that exposed the realities of slavery and galvanised anti-slavery sentiment in the North.
Bleeding Kansas
A term referring to the violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas during the 1850s.
Dred Scott case (1857)
A landmark Supreme Court decision that ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories.
John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)
An armed abolitionist raid aimed at initiating a slave uprising, leading to Brown's arrest and execution.
Presidential Election of 1860
An election that significantly reflected the sectional divide in the U.S., resulting in Abraham Lincoln's victory.
Secession ordinance
The formal withdrawal from the Union by Southern states following Lincoln's election, beginning with South Carolina.
The Anaconda Plan
Union strategy to blockade and isolate the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Civil War (1861-1865)
A conflict between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) primarily over issues of slavery and states' rights.
Battle of Bull Run
The first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a surprise Confederate victory.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
President Lincoln's executive order freeing slaves in the Confederate states.
Battle of Gettysburg
A key victory for the Union in 1863, often considered the turning point of the Civil War.
Sherman's March to the Sea
A campaign of total war led by General William Tecumseh Sherman to destroy Southern infrastructure.
Appomattox Court House
The site of General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant, marking the end of the Civil War.
