CIS 310 Exam 2

Big Data

The vast amount of data that are created and stored that have grown beyond the capabilities of traditional data processing tools and applications.

Database

An organized collection of data.

Database management system (DBMS)

A set of programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of databases.

Field

In a relational database, stores data about a single characteristic of a record.

Foreign key

In a relational database, a field (or fields) that references the primary key of a related table.

Multitiered architecture

Refers to the database server, the Web server, and applications, all existing on different computers.

Primary key

In a relational database, the unique identifier of a record.

Record

In a relational database, a set of related fields.

Relational database

A data store that organizes data in connected two-dimensional tables.

Data visualization

A visual representation of data with the goal of clearly communicating or better understanding the meaning of the data.

Decision

A choice among alternatives.

Decision alternative

A method for transforming the current condition into the desired state.

Decision criteria

Objective measures of decision requirements and goals that discriminate among the alternatives.

Decision goal

Desired decision solution requirements that go beyond the minimum, essential requirements.

Document management system

A system that assists with managing, locating, retrieving, and tracking documents.

Goal-seek analysis

An analysis that determines the value of a particular input variable that will produce the desired output (the goal).

Reporting tools

Information systems tools that allow users to create reports without knowing special commands.

Requirement (decision)

A condition that any acceptable solution must provide.

Semistructured decision

A decision for which some elements are structured and others are unstructured.

Structured decision

A decision that is routine and repetitive and often has well-defined procedures for making it.

Unstructured decision

A decision that is novel and therefore has no agreed-upon, well-understood procedure for making it.

“What-if” analysis

An analysis that involves seeing how changes in one or more input variables impact the value of one or more outcome variables. Also known as sensitivity analysis.

Artificial intelligence

A family of technologies that approximate human cognitive abilities.

Business analytics (BA)

The process of transforming data into insights to improve operations and decision-making.

Business intelligence (BI)

A set of applications, technologies, and processes for gathering, storing, analyzing, and accessing data to help users make better business decisions.

Codifying knowledge

Converting tacit and explicit knowledge into a form that organizational members can use.

Cognitive map

A graphical representation of a mental model of an expert’s knowledge.

Communication-driven decision support system

A DSS that facilitates collaboration and group-based decision-making.

Community of practice

A group of people who share a common interest, usually in a craft or profession, and who interact to share knowledge.

Conceptual knowledge

Explicit knowledge that is embodied in language, symbols, and images.

Data-driven decision support system

A DSS that focuses on the retrieval and manipulation of data that is stored in an organization’s data stores.

Data mining

The process of analyzing data to identify trends, patterns, and other useful information to make predictions.

Data warehouse

A copy of transactional data (and other data) that is formatted so that it is useful for decision support.

Decision support systems (DSS)

Computer-based systems that help decision makers use data and models to solve semistructured or unstructured problems.

Decision table

A list of conditions and their values along with a list of conclusions or actions.

Decision tree

A diagram that shows alternate paths that impact decisions.

Digital dashboards

Computer-based systems that provide graphical views of key data along with graphical warnings when data indicate areas that need attention.

Document-driven decision support system

A DSS that facilitates the management and retrieval of documents that may help with decision-making.

Executive information systems (EISs)

Information systems that help provide high-level managers with the information they need to monitor business activities and make decisions.

Experiential knowledge

Tacit knowledge that can be shared through common experiences and interpersonal communication.

Expert systems

Systems that help users solve problems or answer questions in a way that mimics an expert’s thought processes.

Explicit knowledge

Knowledge that can be expressed relatively easily.

Groupware

A network-based system that helps workgroups communicate and collaborate.

Knowledge management

The process by which organizations create, capture, store, apply, and protect knowledge to achieve organizational objectives.

Knowledge repositories

Tools that make it easy to find and retrieve documents that contain knowledge.

Machine learning

A branch of artificial intelligence that involves developing applications that automatically improve through experience.

Model-driven decision support system

A DSS that provides the decision maker with the ability to access and manipulate analytical models.

Robots

Computer-controlled machines that can carry out complex actions.

Routine knowledge

Tacit knowledge that is embedded in the organization’s practices.

Systemic knowledge

Explicit knowledge that has been systemized and packaged.

Tacit knowledge

Internalized and highly individualized knowledge that is difficult to express or communicate.

In a relational database, a unique identifier is known as a

Primary key

Each table in a database has a____

Primary key

In a relational database, a field that references a unique identifier in a related table is known as a

Foreign key

The process of reducing redundancy in favor of performance

Normalization

A ______ or row in a table is a set of fields that all pertain to the same thing

Record

Which of the following is an advantage of using a spreadsheet over a database

They are better for analyzing and visualizing (you can make tables and graphs from spreadsheets), also easier to use

A database is best for which of the following

Storing and retrieving (you can link multiple tables to this), having current data, having lots of data that relates to each other

Where is higher quality data stored in, databases or spreadsheets

Databases

What are some of the problems encountered when using a spreadsheet

Unnecessary data duplication, inconsistent data, difficulty in data retrieval and search, poor data integrity, difficulty in relating different data elements

In a relational database, each row/column can store how many items of data

One

Many-to-many relationships

a specific row can be related to multiple rows in a related table

One-to-one relationships

a specific row/ column can be related to at most one row in a related table (one order per customer)

For large and complex amounts of information, storing the information is best achieved by using what

Database

For the purpose of displaying and analyzing information, a _________ is often the most effective solution.

Spreadsheet

The key component of a relational database is establishing a relationship or cross referencing tables. How is this task accomplished

Using the foreign keys

Netflix has countless copies of the newest movies released, as well as countless members that are willing to rent the newest movie. What type of relationship would this example mostly likely be

Many-to-many relationship

The town of Mamou has two judges that hear all of the traffic violations from the previous week. Each judge can only preside over one violation at any given time. The database that has been developed has a JUDGE table and a VIOLATION table. What type of relationship exists between these tables

one-to-many relationship

If a table contains the primary keys from two separate but related tables, what would these keys be called

Foreign keys

What are databases good at, as compared to spreadsheets?

Storing and organizing information

A table in a database contains information about Employees. The EmployeeID uniquely identifies each entry in the table. What is this known a

Primary key

A table in a database contains information about Employees. The DeptNum repeats itself multiple times in this table but links each employee to another table that contains the information about that particular department. What is DeptNum known as?

Foreign Key

Database tables are made up of what

Records and fields

The E/T/L process refers to the

Extraction, Transforming, and Loading

Which of the following is used to extract data stored in unstructured databases

NoSQL

What do you use SQL for

relational databases

What do you use NoSQL for

Big Data

What do you need to make sense of big data

Analytics

Management by Fact

the use of data to support rational decision making, making decisions based off of provided data

What makes a good manager

the ability to solve complex problems and making good decisions

What term describes a simple choice among alternatives

Decision

What is the Decision-Making Process

Intelligence, Design, Choice, Implementation

Intelligence

sensing conditions and predicting what conditions will be required

Design

developing alternative approaches to bringing about the required change or achieving the required goals

Choice

selecting the most effective and efficient choice

Implementation

the selected alternative is carried out

Requirements

the must-haves, minimums, good solutions must have these

Goals

go beyond the requirements, may conflict with the requirements

Decision criteria

objective measures of the requirements and goals that help you discriminate among alternatives

What can help make better decisions

reducing subjectivity and uncertainty

What kind of tool can reduce subjectivity

Decision making tools

What kind of tool can reduce uncertainty

Information

What are some examples of Decision making tools

Decision matrix, pros and cons list, expected value analysis

Information and decision making are inextricably __________.

Linked

What type of decision is routine and repetitive and often has well-defined procedures for dealing with them

Structured Decisions

What type of decisions are novel and do not have agreed upon procedures for making the decisions

Unstructured Decisions

Strategic planning often involves _____________ decisions because it is very difficult to anticipate the information needs of managers involved in strategic planning

Unstructured

What is the most critical phase in the detailed decision making process

Identify and clearly define the problem

A list of ____________ is a list of different methods of changing the current condition into the desired state.

___________ are used to determine how well each alternative meets a particular goal or requirement.

Criteria