Parts of the cell

Nucleoid

DNA region in prokaryotes (prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they have a nucleoid)

Nucleolus

In nucleus of eukaryotes and make ribosomes, have no membrane

Peroxisomes

Break down waste products

Rough ER

Accepts mRNA to make proteins (studded with ribosomes)

Smooth ER

Detoxes and makes lipids

Golgi apparatus

Modifies and distributes proteins (only in eukaryotes) packaging system of cell

Centrioles

9 Groups of microtubules pull chromosomes apart

Lysosomes

Recycling center, made but he golfing, single membrane

Plasmids

In prokaryotes, carry DNA not necessary for survival (circular pieces of DNA that can replicate quickly)

Bacilli bacteria

Rod

Cocci bacteria

Sphere

Spirilla bacteria

Spiral

Positive gram stain bacteria is

Purple, thick peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall

Negative gram stain bacteria

Is pink-red, think peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane

Eukaryotes

ETC takes place in mitochondria, large ribosomes, and reproduce via mitosis

Prokaryotes

ETC in cell membrane, small ribosomes, reproduce via binary fission. Plasmids carry CNA material and can integrate into genomes that are episodes

Prions

Infectious proteins- trigger misfolding

Viroid

Plant pathogens

Microfilaments

Actin

Microtubules

Tubulin, important for moving things within the cell

Epithelium

Thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body’s surface

Simple epithelial

One layer of cells

Genetic recombination- transformation

Getting genetic information from environment

Conjugation- genetic recombination

Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge

Transduction

Transfer of DNA using a bacteriophage

Transposons

Genetic info that can inset/remove themselves

Capsid

Protein coat

Vision

Individual virus particles

Bacteriophage

Bacteria virus, tail sheath injects DNA/RNA

Viral genome

Mat be DNA or RNA

If the bacteria is single strand positive sense

Positive sense can be translated by host cell

If the bacteria single strand is negative sense

RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand which can then be translated

Retrovirus

Single stranded RNA, reverse transcriptase is needed to make DNA

Lyric bacteriophage

Visions made until cell lyses/ explodes

Lysogenic bacteriophage

Virus integrates into genomes as provirus or propane, goes dormant until stress activates it

G1

Cell makes mRNA and proteins to prep for mitosis. Cell can leave the cell cycle to G0 if the cell does not need to be divided

S phase

DNA is replicated

G2 phase

Cell growth happens

Cell cycle/mitosis order

G1, S phase, G2, mitosis and cytokinesis

Positive growth signals in cell division

CDK and cyclin bind to create a complex, this complex phosphorylation Rb to Rb+P, Rb changes shape and releases E2F, when E2F is released cell division continues

Negative cell growth signals

CDK inhibitors block phosphorylation of Rh so E2F stays attached and cell cycle stops

X linked disorders

Males express, females can be carriers

Y chromosome

Little genetic info

Mitosis

PMAT, ploidy is 2n throughout (number of chromosomes is always 4)

Prophase

DNA condenses, centrioles migrate to opposite poles and microtubules form. Nuclear envelope disappears- allows DNA to be exposed

Metaphase

Chromosomes meet in middle

Anaphase

Apart- each chromosome is pulled apart and move to opposite poles

Telophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane forms cytokinesis occurs (cell splits into 2 daughter cells)

Meiosis prophase 1

Chromosomes condense nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes form bivalents (crossing over occurs)

Meiosis has

2 division and mitosis has 1 division

Nondisjunction

When sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase results in aneuploidy (cells with abnormal number of chromosomes)

Disjunction

Normal separation- law of segregation

Seminal vesicles and prostrate gland

Make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive acidic environment of female reproductive tract

Vans deferens

Raises and lower testes

Seminifeous tubules

Site of spermatogenesis- formation of sperm cells. Sertoli cells are responsible for spermatogenesis

Epididymus

Stores sperm

Ovaries

Produce ova controlled by FSH and LH

Oogenesis

Production of female gametes

Estrogen

Responds to FSH, establishes the endometrium and thickens uterine wall

Progesterone

Responds to LH protects enometrium

Female reproduction pathway

Egg- peritoneal sac- fallopian tube/ovduct

FSH in males and females

In males- triggers spermatogenesis and stimulate Sertoli cells. In females- stimulates development of ovarian follicles

LH

In males- causes interstitial cells to make testosterone, in females- induces ovulation

Fertilization

Occurs in fallopian tube, cortical reaction releases Ca2 that depolarizes ovum membrane and makes it impenetrable

Blastula

Implants in endometrial lining

Trophoblast becomes the

Placenta

Gastrulation

Formation of ectoderm, mesodermal, and endoderm

Ectoderm (Attractive)

One of the 3 primary germ layers in embryonic development. Skin, Kari, nails, mouth

Mesoderm (move-derm)

Musculoskeletal- circulatory system, gonads, adrenal cortex. Involved in moving things

Endoderm

Inside- GI tract, respiratory, stomach

Neurulation

Development of neural tube (precursor to brain and spinal cord)

Neural folds

Develop into peripheral nervous system

Neural tube

Develops into CNS

Pluripotent stem cells

Can be any cell except those found in placental structure

Multipotent Stem cells

Can become multiple types of cells. Adult stem cells are multipotent

Umbilical vein

carries oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo

fetal hemoglobin has

Greater oxygen affinity than the adult hemoglobin

Identical twins

Came from same zygote- monozygotic

Cell differentiation

cells becoming specialized in their structures and function and performing a certain job in the body Controlled through gene expression

Cell signaling

Auto fine- cell signals to itself, paracrine- signals to another cell, endocrine- through blood

Fetal shunts

Sips lungs

Signals can be sent Temporally

Same space but at different time

Signals can be sent spatially

Different space, same time

Depolarization

Na+ in, sodium channels open

Depolarization

K+ out

In a neuron

The sodium is high on the outside, and the potassium is high in the inside

Refractory period

Below resting state, another stimulus can’t be received

ATP function for action potential

ATP is used to restore the sodium outside and potassium inside (3 Na out and 2 K in)

Neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft can be removed by

Breakdown by enzymes, reputable, and diffusion out of cleft.

Schwann cells

Type of PNS glial cell, makes myelin

Oligodendrocytes

Type of CNS glial cell, makes myelin

Glial cells

Type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

Astrocytes

Type of glial cell, responsible for blood-brain barrier, controls solutes moving from bloodstream

Ependymal cell

Type of glial cell, barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of CNS

White matter

Myelinated sheaths, deep in the brain, outer in spinal cod

Gray matter

Cell bodies and dendrites, unmyelinated, outer in brain, deep in spinal cord

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Sensory neuron receives signals an doctor neuron responds

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Sensory- interneuron- motor

Sympathetic nervous system

Decreases peristalsis (movement of fluid through digestive tract)

Sympathetic neurotransmitters

Preganglionic-acetylcholine. Postganglionic- epinephrine and norepinephrine