Neuroanatomy - 07 Telencephalon

hemispheres

the two ____________ of the cerebrum are separated by the longitudinal fissure

cerebral cortex gray matter

the outer area of the telencephalon is the ___________ which is layers of cells with gyri and sulci

subcortical white matter

the inner area of the telencephalon is mostly _____________ but also contains the basal nuclei and amygdala

cortex

the word “____” implies layers of cells

neocortex (or isocortex)

_________ is found in 90% of our cerebral cortex; 6 layers are evident at some stage of development

paleocortex

___________ has 3-5 layers, and forms parts of the olfactory cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus

archicortex

_________ has a maximum of 3 cell layers and makes up parts of the limbic cortex, for hippocampal formation and the dentate gyrus

pyramidal cells

______________ are the primary efferent neuron of the cortex; their axons have extensive collaterals

glutamate, aspartate

pyramidal cells use _______ and _______ as primary neurotransmitters

excitatory

glutamate and aspartate are (inhibitory/excitatory) NTs

cortical interneurons / local circuit neurons

________________ consist of spiny stellate cells, aspiny stellate cells, and basket cells; these cell are very complex, much is still unknown

GABA

cortical interneurons / local circuit neurons use the NT _______ mostly

inhibitory

GABA is an (inhibitory/excitatory) NT

molecular I

the __________ layer of the neocortex is the most superficial, right up against the pia mater; contains few neuron cell bodies and the meshwork of axons run parallel to the surface

molecular

layer I of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

external granular

layer II of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

external pyramidal

layer III of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

internal granular

layer IV of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

internal pyramidal

layer V of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

multiform

layer VI of neocortex is called the _____________ layer

external granular II, external pyramidal III

the __________ and _________ layers of the neocortex consist of small to medium sized cells and cortical circuits

internal granular IV

the _____________ layer of the neocortex is the primary receptive layer, consisting of spiny and aspiny cells; very important layer; afferents to this layer include primary thalamocortical, efferents go to nearby cortex in other gyri

internal pyramidal V

the ___________ layer of the neocortex consists of medium and large pyramidal cells and is considered the principle efferent layer of the cerebral cortex; connects to subcortical regions like the brainstem, spinal cord, and striatum; contains fewer axons going to the thalamus

multiform VI

the __________ layer of the cortex consists of primarily pyramidal cells which have corticothalamic projections sending feedback to the thalamus from this layer

afferent

for (afferent/efferent), the cortex receives the input, processes it, and disseminates output to other areas

efferent

for (afferent/efferent), the cortex sends projection fibers

VI

corticothalamic projection fibers primarily come from layer _______

V

corticospinal/bulbar/striate projection fibers primarily come from layer ______

cranial nerves

in corticobulbar, the bulbar refers to __________

basal nuclei

in corticostriate, the striate refers to _________

brodmann

the basic ____________ areas are 52 areas of the brain based on cytoarchitectural differences, a classification system of the neocortex still used today

homotypical

(heterotypical/homotypical) cortex is when all 6 layers of neocortex are clearly definable and roughly equal

heterotypical

(heterotypical/homotypical) cortex is when some layers are not well defined; could be related to the function of that area of cortex

IV

the post central gyrus has a large layer ____ of neocortex

granular heterotypical

in _______________ cortex, layer IV is well developed, but layer V is indistinct; terminations of sensory specific thalamic nuclei

agranular, V

primary motor: (agranular/granular), (IV, V)

granular IV

primary sensory: (agranular/granular), (IV, V)

motor

the anterior nucleus of the thalamus is to (motor/sensory) cortex

motor

the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus is to (motor/sensory) cortex

sensory

the ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei of the thalamus are to (motor/sensory) cortex

sensory

the primary (motor/sensory) cortex is granular heterotypical cortex

motor

the primary (motor/sensory) cortex is agranular heterotypical cortex

agranular heterotypical

in ________________ cortex, layer V is well developed, but layer IV is indistinct; predominance of pyramidal cells and the origin of long projection fibers; this is characteristic of motor related functions/primary motor cortex

T

T/F: most regions of the cerebral cortex receive information from lower levels of the neural axis via the diencephalon and project to the diencephalon

F; can be associated

T/F: specific regions of the diencephalon can’t be associated with specific regions of the telencephalon

GABA

in the cerebrum, ______ is the typical inhibitory neurotransmitter

glutamate

in the cerebrum, _______ is the typical excitatory neurotransmitter

modulatory

in addition to thalamic input, the cerebral cortex receives afferent fibers from other subcortical regions; these inputs are considered to be ___________

enhance, suppress

modulatory actions of neuromodulatory systems can either _______ or _______ depending on the receptors

neural plasticity

neuromodulatory systems are important for _______________

neuromodulatory transmitters

________________ in the cerebral cortex control the excitability of cortical neurons, general arousal state, attention/readiness to attend to stimuli (signal to noise ratio), and alter motivational state

neuropsychiatric disorders

dysfunction or imbalance of neuromodulatory systems can result in _________________

serotonin (serotonergic)

the _________ system comes from the dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain

norepinephrine (noradrenergic)

the _________ system comes from the locus ceruleus of the pons and reticular formation

acetylcholine (cholinergic)

the _________ NT system comes from the basal forebrain of the cerebrum

dopamine (dopaminergic)

the _________ NT system comes from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain

histamine (histaminergic)

the _________ NT system comes from the tuberal / mamillary nucleus

nicotinic

acetylcholine to (nicotinic/muscarinic) receptors is fast acting excitatory

muscarinic

acetylcholine to (nicotinic/muscarinic) receptors is slow acting modulatory via G proteins, can be excitatory or inhibitory

5-HT

an abbreviation for serotonin is ______

noradrenergic

the _____________ system can enhance the signal to noise ratio

dopaminergic

dysfunctions of the ____________ system are associated with hallucinations of schizophrenia, cognitive dysfunction of PD, and alzheimer’s disease

serotonergic (and/or noradrenergic)

dysfunction of the ______________ system/s are depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior, some eating disorders, and potentially OCD

histaminergic

the _____________ system comes from/is produced in the hypothalamus and plays a role in wakefulness

T

T/F: antihistamines make you sleepy because histamine keeps you awake

primary motor cortex

the ___________ controls movement, especially specific well-defined movements, very fine and controlled, in distal muscles; connections to areas of thalamus related to motor and sensory info; bodmann’s area 4

precentral gyrus

the primary motor cortex m1 is located in the ________________

postcentral gyrus

the primary somatosensory cortex S1 is located in the _______________

IV

in the post central gyrus, layer ___ is the largest and it is heterotypical

VPL, VPM

the major afferents going to S1 from ascending sensory pathways go through the __________ and __________ nuclei of the thalamus

body

ascending sensory pathways going to the VPL are from the (body/head and neck)

head and neck

ascending sensory pathways going to the VPM are from the (body/head and neck)

dorsal wall of the lateral sulcus

the secondary somatosensory area S2 is located in the ___________________

pain, sensory

the secondary somatosensory area S2 processes more _____ information and less ______ information

VPL, VPM

the thalamic nuclei for somatosensory pain are _______ and _______

parietal, temporal

wernicke’s area encompases portions of both the ________ and ________ lobes

T

T/F: whichever side has wernicke’s / broca’s areas determines which side is dominant

auditory

the primary _________ area is in the transverse temporal gyri and has thalamic afferent from the medial geniculate body

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does language comprehension and production, written and spoken

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does prosody (intonation and stress) of language, production and comprehension

BOTH

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does motor movements of the contralateral limbs

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere gives visual spatial analysis and spatial attention to the contralateral space only

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere gives visual spatial analysis and spatial attention to bilateral space; integration of both sides of visuospatial patterns

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does 3D recognition and recognition of faces

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does sequential and analytical calculating skills for arithmetic

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does the lining up columns of numbers on a page for arithmetic

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere follows a set of written directions in sequence for sense of direction

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere finds one’s way by overall sense of spatial orientation for sense of direction

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does analytical thinking

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does intuitive thought

dominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does decisions and problem solving based on analytical data

nondominant

the (dominant/nondominant) hemisphere does creative/artistic abilities

interpreting/localizing sound, deafness

a lesion in the primary auditory area would result in ____________ but not _____________

medial geniculate body

the primary auditory area gets thalamic afferents from the _________________________

superior temporal, supramarginal, angular

wernicke’s area is in the __________, __________ and _________ gyri of the dominant hemisphere

wernicke’s area

_____________ associates auditory information with speech qualities so that we respond correctly; also associates auditory input with memories to allow comprehension

inferior frontal

broca’s area is in the ______________ gyrus of the dominant hemisphere

broca’s area

__________ brings together information to begin process of creating motor production of speech, and also has a role in detecting inappropriate words use (semantics, when a word is appropriate for context)

hear it

for the ability to hear and repeat words: the primary auditory cortex allows you to _____

understand it

for the ability to hear and repeat words: wernicke’s area allows you to _____