Cardiovascular and Immune System Review

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to the cardiovascular and immune systems, helpful for exam preparation.

Do all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood?

False

What valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium?

Bicuspid valve

Compared to arteries, how are veins structured?

Veins have thinner walls.

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Defending the body against both external and internal threats.

In which vessel is blood pressure the highest?

Arteries.

Is hair considered a physical barrier in the innate immune system?

True.

What structures carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?

Left ventricle.

Venae Cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?

Veins.

Where do lymphatic vessels ultimately drain?

Veins.

What do contractions of the papillary muscles prevent?

Prevent backflow into the atria.

the coronary sulcus is a groove rhat?

Marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

Where do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to?

Lungs.

What is shared by the two ventricles?

Interventricular septum.

If a person has a blood pressure of 125/80, what is his mean arterial pressure?

95 mm Hg.

Where do T cells develop from stem cells?

Bone marrow.

Do all immune responses require activation to fight pathogens?

True.

What cells are responsible for humoral immunity?

B cells.

dendritic cells and macrophages are known as Antigen-presenting cells.

True

Which characteristic does not belong to adaptive defenses?

Present at birth.

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

Aorta.

What are the smallest arterial branches called?

Arterioles.

What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures called?

Pulse pressure.

How is some fluid returned to blood from tissues?

By the lymphatic system.

What do the two common iliac veins form?

Inferior vena cava.

Where does blood returning from the pulmonary circuit first enter?

Left atrium.

What are venous valves responsible for?

Channeling blood toward the heart.

What structure do RBCs move through single-file?

Capillary.

What does the lymphatic system NOT include?

Venae cavae.

Do macrophages love antibody-encrusted pathogens?

True.

How does the lymphatic system put substances into the bloodstream?

By draining into subclavian veins.

What acts as a filter in the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes.

What do the body’s innate defenses NOT include?

Antibodies.

What activates B cells?

Helper T cells.

Which branches come off the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, left common carotid artery.

To where does the right ventricle pump blood?

Right and left lungs.

In what vessels does exchange occur?

Capillaries.

What do lymph nodes NOT do?

Remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

What cells does HIV selectively infect?

Helper T cells.

Where does lymph fluid enter the venous circulation?

Subclavian veins.

What are lymphocytes that destroy foreign or virus-infected cells called?

Cytotoxic T cells.

What do lymphocytes do?

Respond to antigens.

What do the right pulmonary veins carry to the heart?

Oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Where can dividing lymphocytes be found?

Germinal center of the lymphatic nodule.

Where do lymphocytes spend most of their time?

In lymphatic tissue.

Where is oxygen added to blood?

In the pulmonary circuit.

Are neutrophils the least common of white blood cells?

False.

Is there lymphatic tissue associated with the small intestine?

False.

What is the muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel called?

Tunica media.

What type of capillaries may be continuous or fenestrated?

Capillaries.

What would happen if the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins?

Decrease in the number of T cells.

What increases with the production of NK cells?

Efforts to fight cancerous cells.

Where would you expect to find fenestrated capillaries?

Pituitary gland.

What is the sequence of blood vessels in the systemic circuit starting from the aorta?

Elastic arteries → Muscular arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Medium veins → Large veins.

A vessel with a small diameter has what type of resistance compared to a large diameter vessel?

Greater resistance to blood flow.

What happens during ventricular systole?

The AV valves are closed.

What occurs to the electrical impulse at the AV node?

It gets delayed.

What is happening during ventricular diastole?

The ventricles are passively filling.

What phase occurs when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open?

Systolic ejection phase.

What does depolarization of the atria correspond to on an EKG?

P wave.