Industrial Revolution

Crop rotation

Planting different crops in the same area for the betterment of the crops.

The Enclosure Movement

Where common land was turned into privately owned land.

The Seed Drill

A farming machine that plants seeds in rows.

Urban

Densely populated areas.

Rural

Sparsely populated areas.

How the Agricultural Revolution changed society.

By shifting society from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a agricultural one.

Improved farming methods in Agricultural Revolution.

Crop rotation, selective breeding, seed drill, etc.

How did the Enclosure Movement effect small farmers.

Displaced small farmers that no longer had land.

Coal

A fossil fuel used for fuel.

Bessemer Process

The 1st industrial process of mass production of steel.

Textile industry

Converts cotton or wool into textiles and fabrics.

Factory system

Manufacturing where goods are mass produced using machinery.

Steam engine

A machine that converts heat energy into mechanical motion using steam pressure.

Assembly line labor

Workers doing specific, repetitive tasks.

Entrepreneur

A person who manages their own business.

Industrial capitalist

A person or organization that holds a significant position in industrial capitalism.

What natural resources did England use during the Industrial Revolution?

Coal, iron ore, and water power.

How did a banking industry and govt. create an ideal situation for business to develop during the Industrial Revolution?

By providing money through loans and credits.

What was the connection between imperialism and the Industrial Revolution?

Industrialization made a demand for raw materials and new markets, which led European powers to colonize other parts of the world.

How did the textile industry encourage development of other industries?

By driving innovations in machinery and creating new demands in resources.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership for production.

Socialism

An economic theory where the government owns all private property including production and distribution of goods.

Communism

An economic ideology where there are no classes or government in society.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist known for his criticism of capitalism and advocated for communism.

Means of production

The facilities and resources for producing goods.

Utopianism

The belief of a state where everything is perfect.

“haves” v. “have nots”

Haves: wealthy people, haves: poor people.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx that summarizes the principles of communism and advocates for the destruction of capitalism.

Pros and cons of capitalism

Pros: economic growth, innovation, and consumer choice

Cons: Inequality, environmental impact, worker exploitation

Pros and cons of socialism

Pros: economic equality, resources given to the needy, prevents monopolization

Cons: no economic freedom, economic inefficiencies, higher taxes

Urbanization

Making an area more urban.

Tenement housing

Multi-family urban dwellings.

Exploitation

Treating someone unfairly to benefit from their work.

Strike

A refusal to work by employees as a form of protest.

Unionize

Become members of a workers union.

Role that women and children had in society.

Children: to provide money for their families and be cheap alternatives to working in factories.

Women: working in factories and domestic servants.