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Improvements in health status since 1900’s
Decrease:
- Infectious and parasitic diseases
- Cancers
- Cardiovascular disease
- Respiratory disease
- Injury and poisoning
Old public health
Relates to the actions of Governments that worked to promote HWB and prevent illness in the 20th century
Old public health policies and practices
- Improved water and sanitation
- Mass immunisation programs
- Safer working conditions
- Introduction of quarantine laws
Biomedical Model of Health
A model that focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness focusing on diagnosis and treatment
Strengths of the Biomedical Model of Health
- Effectively treats disease and illness
- Provides a diagnosis of diseases and illnesses
- Creates advancements in medical technology and research
Limitations of the Biomedical Model of Health
- Expensive for individuals and Government
- Focuses on treatment, not prevention
- Not every condition can be diagnosed or treated
- Focuses on individuals, not populations
New public health (Social Model of Health)
Approach that addresses the physical, sociocultural, and political environments of health to improve health and wellbeing
Strengths of the Social Model of Health
- Focuses on contributing factors to prevent disease and illness, not just symptoms
- Inexpensive
- Focuses on populations, not just individuals
- Education can be passed from generation to generation
Limitations of the Social Model of Health
- Not all conditions are preventable (genetic)
- Doesn’t promote technology and medical knowledge
- Doesn’t address HWB concerns of individuals
- Health promotion messages can be ignored
Principles of the Social Model of Health
Involves intersectional collaboration (I)
Addresses the broader determinants of health (D)
Empowers individuals and communities (E)
Acts to enable access to healthcare (A)
Acts to reduce social inequalities (R)
IDEAR
Involves intersectoral collaboration
Multiple sectors work together to provide initiatives (e.g. Government, private organisations, education)
Addresses the broader determinants of health
Addresses sociocultural and environmental factors
Empowers individuals and communities
Provides knowledge and resources to enable people to improve their own HWB
Acts to enable access to healthcare
Addresses sociocultural factors that prevent access to healthcare
Acts to reduce social inequalities
Addresses sociocultural factors that cause inequalities
Examples of initiatives of the Social Model of Health
SunSmart
Health Star Rating
Seatbelt laws
Ant-smoking campaigns
Health star rating
An initiative that provides health ratings for packaged foods and beverages
Ottawa Charter for health promotion (don’t rlly think you’d need to define)
The three strategies for health promotion according to the Ottawa Charter
Advocate
Enable
Mediate
Avocados Enable Meditation
Advocate
Enable
Mediate
aims to speak on behalf of disadvantaged groups
aims to provide knowledge and skills to improve own health
aims to work with all different groups that have different priorities
Action areas of the Ottawa Charter
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community actions
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats
Build healthy public policy
Laws and policies made by Government and non-Government organisations that promote health
Create supportive environments
Sociocultural and physical environments are manipulates to healthier choices are easier (e.g. reduce price of health foods, playgrounds with shade)
Strengthen community actions
Builds links between individuals and communities to work together to achieve goals (e.g. schools, parents, and media working to increase immunisation rates)
Develop personal skills
Educate people so they can make informed decisions (e.g. Quit campaign to educate about smoking)
Reorient health services
changing the health system to promote health and to not just focus one treating or diagnosing (e.g. doctors promoting healthy eating, not just medication or surgery)
Medicare
Australia’s health insurance scheme that provides subsidised access to healthcare
What Medicare covers
Tests and examinations
Consultation fees for doctors and specialists
Some dental services
Most necessary procedures by general practitioners
What Medicare doesn’t cover
Elective surgeries (e.g. cosmetic)
Treatment in private hospital
Most dental services
Ambulance services
Medication
Schedule fee
the amount Medicare contributes (to a consultation or treatment) determined by the Government
Co-payment
the payment made by the patient in addition to the cost covered by Medicare
Bulk bill
when the doctor charges only the schedule fee (no out-of-pocket expense for patient)
How is Medicare funded
Medicare levy
Medicare levy surcharge
General taxes
Medicare levy
additional 2% of income taxed for most people (not low-income earners)
Medicare levy surcharge
people earring more than 90,000 per year (high income earners) without private health insurance pay extra 1-1.5% tax to Medicare
General taxes
income collected through general tax also funds Medicare
Strengths of Medicare
Available to all Aus citizens
Medicare safety net provides extra funding
Covers tests and examinations
Covers schedule fee of doctors and specialists
Limitations of Medicare
No choice of doctor in hospital or hospital
Waiting lists for treatments
Only covers schedule fee
Medicare safety net
Extra funding provided to those who spend a large amount on medical expenses in order to make it more affordable (I made this up)
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
a scheme that provides subsidised essential medication to people who need them
co-payment
patient co-payment is $31.60 for most medication ($7.70 for concession card holder)
National disability insurance scheme (NDIS)
a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities
Eligibility for the NDIS
Under 65
Australian citizen
Permanent, significant disability that impairs a person’s ability to participate and perform daily tasks
services provided by the NDIS
funded support such as through carers
community services and support
Private health insurance
insurance that provides payments towards health costs not covered by Medicare for those who pay a premium
Private health insurance incentives
private health insurance rebate
lifetime health cover
Medicare levy surcharge
Private health insurance rebate
based on income, those who have private health insurance may receive a rebate of 9-27% provided by the Federal Government
Lifetime health cover
those who take out private health insurance after 31 pay and extra 2% on their premium
Medicare levy surcharge
high income earners who don’t have private health insurance are taxed an extra 1-1.5%
Private health insurance strengths
private hospital care
choice of doctor and hospital
shorter waiting times
some specialists may be covered
Gov rebate
takes pressure off public health
Private health insurance limitations
more expensive
there may be a payment ‘gap’ (paid by patient)
must have PHI for certain time before using
What does our health care system need to be
SAFE
Sustainability
Access
Funding
Equity
Sustainability
the ability to provide healthcare both now and into the future
Access
can provide timely access to all people
Funding
the financial resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so it can provide adequate care
Equity
takes differences into account to make it fair for everyone to reach their health potential
SAFE for Medicare
Sustainable- increasing funding such as through Medicare levy ensures it can continue to provide healthcare
A- provides healthcare regardless of SES
F- funds some or all heath service fees
E- Medicare safety net ensures additional support to those who need it
SAFE for private health insurance
S- incentives allow for more funding so it can continue to provide healthcare
A- can increase access to healthcare services that may otherwise be too expensive
F- provides funding for private hospitals
E- power income earners receive more assistance through the rebate
SAFE for the NDIS
S- every person only receives necessary funds to ensure more people can access the NDIS
A- provides access to people with significant, permanent disabilities
F- provides funding for resources that promote health
E- individualised plans ensure people with more significant needs receive more support
SAFE for the PBS
S- reviewing medicines ensure the most beneficial ones are prioritised
A- all Australian citizens are given access to subsidised medication
F- essential medicines are subsidised to ensure access
E- the PBS safety net provides greater assistance to those who require more medication
Why skin cancer is targeted
2000 Australians die from skin cancer each year
Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer
2 out of 3 Australians will be diagnosed with a type of skin cancer before 70
Types of skin cancer (don’t rlly need?)
Examples of health promotion initiatives to decrease skin cancer
SunSmart- Slip, slop, slap televised campaign
National Skin Cancer Action Week
SunSmart
an initiative of Cancer Council Victoria launched in 1988 that warns against the dangers of UV exposure
Example of SunSmart initiative and improvements it made to skin cancer
‘Slip, Slop, Slap’ televised campaign which decreased the prevalence of cancer by raising awareness of sun smart behaviours to limit UV exposure
National Skin Cancer Action Week
a week implemented by Cancer Council Australia and the Australian college of Dermatologists
Improvements National Skin Cancer Action Week made to skin cancer
decreased the prevalence of skin cancer by raising awareness throughout the week on sun smart behaviours to limit UV exposure
How SunSmart reflects the action areas of the Ottawa Charter
Develop personal skills- advertising campaigns provide information about sun safety
Build healthy public policy- promotes policies in schools such as ‘no hat, no play’
How National Skin Cancer Action Week reflects the action areas of the Ottawa Charter
Develop personal skills- provides information about sun safety throughout the week
Strengthen community action- encourages involvement in the community through sharing photos of sun protection
Initiatives to improve Indigenous health and wellbeing in Australia
Learn Earn Legend!
Aboriginal Quitline
Learn Earn Legend!
Program launched by the Australian Government in 2020 that encourages and supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school by pairing them with a mentor to show them the importance of education, employment and training
How Learn Earn Legend! reflects the Ottawa Charter
Develop personal skills- increase literacy and numeracy skills by staying in school
Crate supportive environment- provides support from people they look up to to help make healthy decisions such as staying in school
Aboriginal Quitline
a telephone counselling service that provides support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who want to quit smoking
How Aboriginal Quitline reflects the Ottawa Charter
Creates supportive environment- provides confidential support for those who wish to quit smoking
Australian Dietary Guidelines
1- achieve and maintain a healthy weight, by physically active, and choose nutritious foods and drink
2- enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups and drink lots of water
3- limit intake of saturated fats, sodium, sugar and alcohol
4- encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
5- care for your food; prepare and store it safely
Initiatives of Nutrition Australia
Australian guide to healthy eating
Healthy eating pyramid
Australian guide to healthy eating
five food groups split into the shape of a plate (grain foods, vegetables and legumes, lean meats and poultry, dairy products, and fruit
Healthy eating pyramid
a visual guide to the types and proportions of foods that you should eat every day from the five food groups including grains, vegetables and legumes, lean meats and poultry, dairy products, and fruit
Challenges in bringing about dietary change
Time constraints and convenience
Cooking skills
Affordability / cost
Time constraints and convenience
People have busy lives and therefore little time to purchase, prepare, and cook healthy meals so they are more likely to purchase convenient ‘fast foods’ high in saturated fat, sugar and sodium
Cooking skills
Cooking healthier homemade meals require basic cooking skills and knowledge that people may not have and therefore they may resort to other pre-made, convenient foods high in saturated fat, sugar, and sodium
Affordability / cost
healthier foods may be more expensive than unhealthy foods due to buying ingredients and taking longer to make and therefore purchase more cheaper ‘fast food’ that contain saturated fat, sodium and sugar
Factors to evaluate Indigenous health initiatives
Action areas of the Ottawa charter are evident
Whether it is culturally appropriate
Whether it actually improves health and wellbeing
Whether is takes into account the needs of the target group
How many people participate in the initiative
Funding for the initiative