Unit 3 AOS 2

Improvements in health status since 1900’s

Decrease:

- Infectious and parasitic diseases

- Cancers

- Cardiovascular disease

- Respiratory disease

- Injury and poisoning

Old public health

Relates to the actions of Governments that worked to promote HWB and prevent illness in the 20th century

Old public health policies and practices

- Improved water and sanitation

- Mass immunisation programs

- Safer working conditions

- Introduction of quarantine laws

Biomedical Model of Health

A model that focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness focusing on diagnosis and treatment

Strengths of the Biomedical Model of Health

- Effectively treats disease and illness

- Provides a diagnosis of diseases and illnesses

- Creates advancements in medical technology and research

Limitations of the Biomedical Model of Health

- Expensive for individuals and Government

- Focuses on treatment, not prevention

- Not every condition can be diagnosed or treated

- Focuses on individuals, not populations

New public health (Social Model of Health)

Approach that addresses the physical, sociocultural, and political environments of health to improve health and wellbeing

Strengths of the Social Model of Health

- Focuses on contributing factors to prevent disease and illness, not just symptoms

- Inexpensive

- Focuses on populations, not just individuals

- Education can be passed from generation to generation

Limitations of the Social Model of Health

- Not all conditions are preventable (genetic)

- Doesn’t promote technology and medical knowledge

- Doesn’t address HWB concerns of individuals

- Health promotion messages can be ignored

Principles of the Social Model of Health

Involves intersectional collaboration (I)

Addresses the broader determinants of health (D)

Empowers individuals and communities (E)

Acts to enable access to healthcare (A)

Acts to reduce social inequalities (R)

IDEAR

Involves intersectoral collaboration

Multiple sectors work together to provide initiatives (e.g. Government, private organisations, education)

Addresses the broader determinants of health

Addresses sociocultural and environmental factors

Empowers individuals and communities

Provides knowledge and resources to enable people to improve their own HWB

Acts to enable access to healthcare

Addresses sociocultural factors that prevent access to healthcare

Acts to reduce social inequalities

Addresses sociocultural factors that cause inequalities

Examples of initiatives of the Social Model of Health

SunSmart

Health Star Rating

Seatbelt laws

Anti-smoking campaigns

Health star rating

An initiative that provides health ratings for packaged foods and beverages

Ottawa Charter for health promotion (don’t rlly think you’d need to define)

The three strategies for health promotion according to the Ottawa Charter

Advocate

Enable

Mediate

Avocados Enable Meditation

Advocate

Enable

Mediate

aims to speak on behalf of disadvantaged groups

aims to provide knowledge and skills to improve own health

aims to work with all different groups that have different priorities

Action areas of the Ottawa Charter

Build healthy public policy

Create supportive environments

Strengthen community actions

Develop personal skills

Reorient health services

Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats

Build healthy public policy

Laws and policies made by Government and non-Government organisations that promote health

Create supportive environments

Sociocultural and physical environments are manipulates to healthier choices are easier (e.g. reduce price of health foods, playgrounds with shade)

Strengthen community actions

Builds links between individuals and communities to work together to achieve goals (e.g. schools, parents, and media working to increase immunisation rates)

Develop personal skills

Educate people so they can make informed decisions (e.g. Quit campaign to educate about smoking)

Reorient health services

changing the health system to promote health and to not just focus one treating or diagnosing (e.g. doctors promoting healthy eating, not just medication or surgery)

Medicare

Australia’s health insurance scheme that provides subsidised access to healthcare

What Medicare covers

Tests and examinations

Consultation fees for doctors and specialists

Some dental services

Most necessary procedures by general practitioners

What Medicare doesn’t cover

Elective surgeries (e.g. cosmetic)

Treatment in private hospital

Most dental services

Ambulance services

Medication

Schedule fee

the amount Medicare contributes (to a consultation or treatment) determined by the Government

Co-payment

the payment made by the patient in addition to the cost covered by Medicare

Bulk bill

when the doctor charges only the schedule fee (no out-of-pocket expense for patient)

How is Medicare funded

Medicare levy

Medicare levy surcharge

General taxes

Medicare levy

additional 2% of income taxed for most people (not low-income earners)

Medicare levy surcharge

people earring more than 90,000 per year (high income earners) without private health insurance pay extra 1-1.5% tax to Medicare

General taxes

income collected through general tax also funds Medicare

Strengths of Medicare

Available to all Aus citizens

Medicare safety net provides extra funding

Covers tests and examinations

Covers schedule fee of doctors and specialists

Limitations of Medicare

No choice of doctor in hospital or hospital

Waiting lists for treatments

Only covers schedule fee

Medicare safety net

Extra funding provided to those who spend a large amount on medical expenses in order to make it more affordable (I made this up)

Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

a scheme that provides subsidised essential medication to people who need them

co-payment

patient co-payment is $31.60 for most medication ($7.70 for concession card holder)

National disability insurance scheme (NDIS)

a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities

Eligibility for the NDIS

Under 65

Australian citizen

Permanent, significant disability that impairs a person’s ability to participate and perform daily tasks

services provided by the NDIS

funded support such as through carers

community services and support

Private health insurance

insurance that provides payments towards health costs not covered by Medicare for those who pay a premium

Private health insurance incentives

private health insurance rebate

lifetime health cover

Medicare levy surcharge

Private health insurance rebate

based on income, those who have private health insurance may receive a rebate of 9-27% provided by the Federal Government

Lifetime health cover

those who take out private health insurance after 31 pay and extra 2% on their premium

Medicare levy surcharge

high income earners who don’t have private health insurance are taxed an extra 1-1.5%

Private health insurance strengths

private hospital care

choice of doctor and hospital

shorter waiting times

some specialists may be covered

Gov rebate

takes pressure off public health

Private health insurance limitations

more expensive

there may be a payment ‘gap’ (paid by patient)

must have PHI for certain time before using

What does our health care system need to be

SAFE

Sustainability

Access

Funding

Equity

Sustainability

the ability to provide healthcare both now and into the future

Access

can provide timely access to all people

Funding

the financial resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so it can provide adequate care

Equity

takes differences into account to make it fair for everyone to reach their health potential

SAFE for Medicare

Sustainable- increasing funding such as through Medicare levy ensures it can continue to provide healthcare

A- provides healthcare regardless of SES

F- funds some or all heath service fees

E- Medicare safety net ensures additional support to those who need it

SAFE for private health insurance

S- incentives allow for more funding so it can continue to provide healthcare

A- can increase access to healthcare services that may otherwise be too expensive

F- provides funding for private hospitals

E- power income earners receive more assistance through the rebate

SAFE for the NDIS

S- every person only receives necessary funds to ensure more people can access the NDIS

A- provides access to people with significant, permanent disabilities

F- provides funding for resources that promote health

E- individualised plans ensure people with more significant needs receive more support

SAFE for the PBS

S- reviewing medicines ensure the most beneficial ones are prioritised

A- all Australian citizens are given access to subsidised medication

F- essential medicines are subsidised to ensure access

E- the PBS safety net provides greater assistance to those who require more medication

Why skin cancer is targeted

2000 Australians die from skin cancer each year

Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer

2 out of 3 Australians will be diagnosed with a type of skin cancer before 70

Types of skin cancer (don’t rlly need?)

Examples of health promotion initiatives to decrease skin cancer

SunSmart- Slip, slop, slap televised campaign

National Skin Cancer Action Week

SunSmart

an initiative of Cancer Council Victoria launched in 1988 that warns against the dangers of UV exposure

Example of SunSmart initiative and improvements it made to skin cancer

‘Slip, Slop, Slap’ televised campaign which decreased the prevalence of cancer by raising awareness of sun smart behaviours to limit UV exposure

National Skin Cancer Action Week

a week implemented by Cancer Council Australia and the Australian college of Dermatologists

Improvements National Skin Cancer Action Week made to skin cancer

decreased the prevalence of skin cancer by raising awareness throughout the week on sun smart behaviours to limit UV exposure

How SunSmart reflects the action areas of the Ottawa Charter

Develop personal skills- advertising campaigns provide information about sun safety

Build healthy public policy- promotes policies in schools such as ‘no hat, no play’

How National Skin Cancer Action Week reflects the action areas of the Ottawa Charter

Develop personal skills- provides information about sun safety throughout the week

Strengthen community action- encourages involvement in the community through sharing photos of sun protection

Initiatives to improve Indigenous health and wellbeing in Australia

Learn Earn Legend!

Aboriginal Quitline

Learn Earn Legend!

Program launched by the Australian Government in 2020 that encourages and supports young Indigenous Australians to stay at school by pairing them with a mentor to show them the importance of education, employment and training

How Learn Earn Legend! reflects the Ottawa Charter

Develop personal skills- increase literacy and numeracy skills by staying in school

Crate supportive environment- provides support from people they look up to to help make healthy decisions such as staying in school

Aboriginal Quitline

a telephone counselling service that provides support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who want to quit smoking

How Aboriginal Quitline reflects the Ottawa Charter

Creates supportive environment- provides confidential support for those who wish to quit smoking

Australian Dietary Guidelines

1- achieve and maintain a healthy weight, by physically active, and choose nutritious foods and drink

2- enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups and drink lots of water

3- limit intake of saturated fats, sodium, sugar and alcohol

4- encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

5- care for your food; prepare and store it safely

Initiatives of Nutrition Australia

Australian guide to healthy eating

Healthy eating pyramid

Australian guide to healthy eating

five food groups split into the shape of a plate (grain foods, vegetables and legumes, lean meats and poultry, dairy products, and fruit

Healthy eating pyramid

a visual guide to the types and proportions of foods that you should eat every day from the five food groups including grains, vegetables and legumes, lean meats and poultry, dairy products, and fruit

Challenges in bringing about dietary change

Time constraints and convenience

Cooking skills

Affordability / cost

Time constraints and convenience

People have busy lives and therefore little time to purchase, prepare, and cook healthy meals so they are more likely to purchase convenient ‘fast foods’ high in saturated fat, sugar and sodium

Cooking skills

Cooking healthier homemade meals require basic cooking skills and knowledge that people may not have and therefore they may resort to other pre-made, convenient foods high in saturated fat, sugar, and sodium

Affordability / cost

healthier foods may be more expensive than unhealthy foods due to buying ingredients and taking longer to make and therefore purchase more cheaper ‘fast food’ that contain saturated fat, sodium and sugar

Factors to evaluate Indigenous health initiatives

Action areas of the Ottawa charter are evident

Whether it is culturally appropriate

Whether it actually improves health and wellbeing

Whether is takes into account the needs of the target group

How many people participate in the initiative

Funding for the initiative