BIS 2C Midterm 2

This part of the eukaryotic cell…
- contains most of the DNA
- is the site of DNA replication and where gene transcription occurs
- surrounded by double membrane

nucleus

Do asgard archaea have a nucleus? (Y/N)

N

This part of the eukaryotic cell…
- site of respiration and production of ATP for eukaryotes
- energy in fuel molecules transformed to bonds of ATP
- cells that require a lot of energy have many of this!
- two membranes

mitochondria

The (inner/outer) membrane of the mitochondria folds into ____________ to create high surface area for respiration.

inner, cristae

The ___________________ Theory: Mitochondria and other organelles originated from bacteria that were brought inside eukaryotic cells long in the past.

endosymbiotic

The fact that mitochondria look a lot like bacteria means they must have once been bacteria. (T/F)

F

Mitochondria have their own genomes and replicate independently of the nucleus. (T/F)

T

The fact that mitochondria have DNA genomes shows that they are derived from bacteria. (T/F)

F

Mitochondria trace a common ancestry to the ________ subgroup of __________________.

alpha, proteobacteria

Mitochondria are (paraphyletic/polyphyletic/monophyletic).

monophyletic

Can the antibiotics that target peptidoglycan have detrimental effects on mitochondria? (Y/N)

N

symbiosis where host brings another organism inside of its cells

endosymbiosis

when symbiont is experiencing its first endosymbiosis

primary endosymbiosis

The endosymbiosis model for mitochondrial origins represents the MRCA of all eukaryotes. (T/F)

F

Every single eukaryote has a mitochondria. (T/F)

F

These two excavates do not have a mitochondria.

diplomonads, parabasalids

This part of the eukaryotic cell is…
- used by plants and other euk. to carry out photosynthesis
- inner membrane forms thylakoids with pigments to harvest light energy
- fatty acid synthesis and energy storage
- double membrane

chloroplast

Chloroplasts trace a common ancestry to a single lineage within the ________________ phylum.

cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts are (paraphyletic/polyphyletic/monophyletic).

monophyletic

Chloroplasts originate from (primary/secondary/tertiary) endosymbiosis. (IN EUKARYOTES)

secondary

The symbiont cell wall is lost in every single chloroplast. (T/F)

F

Which hypothesis is NOT supported by analysis of phylogeny of chloroplasts?
A. ancestral and loss —> chloroplast is an ancestral trait and lost in later lineages
B. diversification of major lineages —> endosymbiosis in Plantae ancestor, then other organisms with chloroplasts got them later

A

How many different histories could there be in an organism after it has gone through a secondary endosymbiosis? (Number)

5

These excavates are…
- MOST unicellular
- swim with flagella
- many photoautotrophic with chloroplast and some can be heterotrophic

euglenids

In euglenids, we learned that the Plantae endosymbiont was a ______________.

chlorophyte

These stramenopiles are…
- unicellular but many associate in filaments
- carotenoids + appear yellow/brown
- most phototrophic with chloroplasts
- responsible for 20% of all carbon fixation

diatoms

In diatoms, we learned that the Plantae endosymbiont was a ________ ___________.

red algae

a practice that learns from and copies the strategies found in nature to solve human design challenges in a regenerative way

biomimicry

What lineage of plantae kept the peptidoglycan cell wall after primary endosymbiosis?

glaucophyte

The branch to red algae and green plans include (gain/loss) of peptidoglycan.

loss

Which green plant has developed a multilayered structure?
A. chlorophyte
B. streptophyte

B

The multi-layered structure in ____________________ acts as a lineage marker. It is also known was a _________________.

streptophytes, synapomorphy

What are plant stem cells called?

meristems

In land plants, apex = highest point, so we get ________________ meristems.

apical

Land plants developed phragmoplast, which is a cell plate with __________________. It allows cells to communicate.

plasmodesmata

What lineage developed…
- branched filaments
- apical growth (meristems)
- phragmoplast, plasmodesmata

land plants

reproductive cells that are not gametes

spores

reproductive cells that can be identical (not male/female) or unequal in size

gametes

The larger, non-motile gamete is the ________ and the smaller, more motile gamete is the _____________.

egg, sperm

plant

phyte

plant stage (body) that makes spores

sporophyte

plant stage (body) that makes gametes

gametophyte

In chlorophytes, the ___________________ germinate to be gametophytes. This is the starting condition for the ________________________ life cycle.

zoospores, streptophyte

This refers to the development of egg and sperm.

oogamy

structures to make gametes

gametangia

structure that makes eggs

archegonium

structure that makes sperm

antheridia

Archegonium and antheridia are both _________________.

gametangia

base of archegonium that grows around embryo

protected embryo

structure that makes spores developed in land plants

sporangia

The delay of meiosis leads to a _______________________ stage.

sporophyte

In land plants, spores grow into _____________________.

gametophytes

The reproductive cycle of land plants is known as ___________________ _____ __________________.

alternation of generations

The sporophyte is (diploid/haploid) and makes (diploid/haploid) spores.

diploid, haploid

In land plants, eggs and sperms are made by (meiosis/mitosis). This is because the ____________________ is (diploid/haploid).

mitosis, gametophyte, haploid

Land plants are also called ___________________ due to the retained protected embryo.

embyrophytes

The starting conditions of land plants came from aquatic ancestors. Spores are present, but to disperse on land a ____________________ wall evolves.

sporopollenin

In land plants, the plant body evolves a ______________ to reduce water loss.

cuticle

Water no longer surrounds the body of land plants, so uptake occurs by ___________.

rhizoids

Rhizoids are true roots. (T/F)

F

These three plants are non-vascular…

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Alternation of generations caused the origin of ___________________.

sporophytes

Alternation of generations, antheridia, archegonia, sporangia, air-dispersed spores, cuticle, rhizoids, and mycorrhizae all evolved in ______________ ________________.

land plants

“fungus roots”, liverworts had a particular symbiosis with these fungi

mycorrhizae

Did liverworts develop stomata? (Y/N)

N

Do liverworts, mosses, hornworts make up a clade? (Y/N)

N

Liverworts come in these two types…

thalloid, leafy

The sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the _____________________.

gametophyte

The sporangium in sporophytes release _________________.

spores

Aquatic plants are supported by water, but in the earliest land plants, liquid water is required for:
A. gas exchange
B. reproduction
C. embryo protection
D. a supply of carbon

B

Which of the following traits of terrestrial plants reduce water loss (dessication)?
A. cuticle
B. stomata as opposed to open pores
C. gametangia
D. presence of chlorophyll b
E. A and B

E

Which statement about alternation of generations is true?
A. the life cycle includes both multicellular gametes and multicellular spores
B. gametophytes product gametes by mitosis
C. sporophytes produce spores by mitosis
D. sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis

B

In nonvascular land plants, sperm have evolved to not need to swim anymore to meet the egg. (T/F)

F

In mosses, the sporophyte is (brown/green).

brown

Mosses do not have chlorophyll in the sporophyte so it cannot feed itself and is nutritionally dependent on the __________________.

gametophyte

Moss have “upgraded” from pores in the cuticle to _________.

stomata

___________ moss creates peat bogs which are acidic wetlands with faster deposition than decay. There is (high/low) oxygen in these lands.

spagnum, low

Hornworts have a persistently (green/brown) sporophyte. In these types of nonvascular plants, the sporophyte is no longer nutritionally dependent on the ________________.

green, gametophyte

Hornworts have internal symbiotic cyanobacteria that can fix ______________.

nitrogen

___________________ are also called club moss.

lycophytes

Lycophytes are (nonvascular/vascular) plants and are the only plants that have (microphylls/megaphylls).

vascular, microphylls

These plants are all extinct but had basic vascular tissue.

rhyniophytes

Rhyniophytes have ________________ branching and uses _____________ attached to rhizomes to collect H2O.

dichotomous, rhizoids

In the stem, the _____________ conducts water and the _______________ conducts sugars, etc.

xylem, phloem

moves water and lignified walls of cells provide support

xylem

first vascular tissue; dead cells, they were connected to form hollow tubes that use to move water (evapotranspiration)

tracheid

To get the (source/sink) to the (source/sink), a __________ is used to transport the sugars.

source, sink, phloem

In a plant the sites of photosynthesis (makes sugars) is the _________ and where the sugar made is ended up is the _________.

source, sink

What are the extant relatives of the tree lycophyta that existed in the Carboniferous?

quillworts

Sterilized sporangium hypothesis for the evolution of microphyll leaves:
(Vertical/Lateral) sporangia occurred first, then were “sterilized” to become (microphylls/megaphylls).

lateral, microphylls

Do lycophytes have flowers? (Y/N)

N

In lycophytes the ______________ is a leaf that bears sporangia.

sporophyll

Sporophylls are grouped into _____________, which are also called cones. The sporangia is grouped into clusters.

strobili

Lycophytes go through alternation of generations, but the two different types of cycles are _____________ (same spores) and ________________ (different spores).

homospory, heterospory

In heterospory, the megaspore forms into the megagametophyte which makes the (sperm/egg). The microspore goes from the microgametophyte to the (sperm/egg).

egg, sperm

In sporophytes, the two different types of sporangium are the _______________ (egg) and __________________ (sperm).

megasporangium, microsporangium

The origin of the megaphyll began from the dichotomous branching of the ___________________.

rhyniophytes

After the rhyniophytes developed dichotomous branching, _______________ evolved, which is unequal branching (lateral branch). After this stage, branching in one plane developed, which flattens veins to be parallel. This is called _____________.

overtopping, planation

The last step of the origin of the megaphyll is the marginal meristem forming. ____________ is created from meristem tissue and becomes a leaf.

webbing

Do tree ferns have woody tissue? (Y/N)

N