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Instinct Theory
All organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive.
Drive Reduction Theory
Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis.
Arousal Theory
Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decrease it when it is too high, to enhance performance and well-being.
Primary Drive
Unlearned drive based on survival (hunger, thirst).
Secondary Drive
Learned drive (wealth or success).
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance improves with arousal up to a point, but then decreases when arousal becomes too high.
Incentive Theory
Behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
Self Actualization
The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.
Esteem
The need for self-esteem and respect from others.
Love and belonging
The need for interpersonal relationships and connections.
Safety needs
The need for security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
Physiological needs
Basic human needs for survival, such as food, water, and shelter.
Motivational conflicts theory
Choices create conflicts one must resolve as the basis of motivation.
Self-determination theory
People are motivated by intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external) motivations.
Sensation-seeking theory
One's level of need for varied or novel experiences is the basis of motivation.
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivated to perform an activity to earn an award or avoid punishment.
James-Lange Theory
Physiological activity comes before the emotional experience (example: Sight of oncoming car (stimulus) -> Pounding heart (arousal) -> Fear (emotion)).
Cannon-Bard Theory
Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other (Sight of oncoming car (stimulus) -> Fear and pounding heart (emotion and arousal)). This theory is more true than the prior theory.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions.
Schachter- Singer Two-Factor Theory
Physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion (Sight of oncoming car (stimulus) -> Pounding heart (arousal) and "I'm afraid" (cognitive label) and thus fear (emotion)).
Lazarus's cognitive Appraisal Theory
Emotional response to a situation is determined by our cognitive interpretation of that situation.
Opponent-Process Theory
Suggests that any given emotion has an opposed emotion; activation of one emotion suppresses its opposite emotion.
