Brain and Behavior Exam 1

What are the 4 zones of a neuron?

Input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, and output zone

What are the 3 parts of the cell or neuron?

Dendrites, soma, axon

Soma

Cell body, includes organelles, nucleus, and fluid inside the cell

Axon

Transmit electrical signal to axon terminal, which causes neurotransmitter release. Includes axon hillock, axon, axon terminal. Made of Myelin and nodes of Ranvier

Dendrites

Collects information from the other cells

What are the four types of glia cells?

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocyte, Schwann cells, Microglia

Astrocyte

Physical support, takes up excess neurotransmitter molecules (siphoning) and take waste from neurons and dump into blood vessels

Oligodendrocyte

CNS, 50 axons for each cell

Schwann cell

PNS, one axon segment for cell

Microglia

First responders, immune defense

Who were the 3 people who received Nobel Prizes?

Sherrington, Ramon y Cajal and Golgi

Sherrington (1857-1952)

Proposed the concept of the synapse

The Synapse

Space between two communicating cells, chemical signals get released across the synapse

Ramon y Cajal and Golgi (1906)

Stained neurons to visualize them

What are the 3 organelles of the soma?

Mitochondria , Rough Endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

supplies ATP to cell, makes energy

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Has ribosomes which makes protein for the Golgi bodies and cell membrane

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids

Input zone

where neurons collect and process information either from the environment or from the other cell

integration zone

where the decisions to produce a neural signal is made

Conduction zone

where information can be electrically transmitted over great distance

Output zone

where the neuron transfers information to other cell

Myelin

A white fatty substance that insulates some axons and speeds transmission

Nodes of Ranvier

The gaps between myelinated segments

Neuroscience

The study of the brain and explores how we interpret and react to our world

Hippocrates 400 BCE

Brain was seat of intelligence

Aristotle 350 BCE

Heart was the center of intellect

Descartes 1650 AD

Promoted dualism that the brain and mind were somehow separate entities

Localization of Function

Functions are localized to different parts of the brain, discovered by Galen

The Pineal gland

Descartes believed that the pineal gland was the seat of the soul, that is, the mind

Galen 150 AD

Physician to the gladiators in Greece, notices that people who sustained damage to a particular part of the head frequently had the same deficits

Localization of function

Franz Joseph Gall 1800-1850

Studied cranioscopy/ Phrenology

Cranioscopy/ Phrenology

Studying the bumps on the head to determine mental and moral faculties

Equipotentiality

Different parts of the brain have an equal potential to do given functions

Fluorens 1824

Founder of experimental brain science

Found that the cortex is equipotential. He took a pigeon and destroyed 10 percent of its cortex. He took another pigeon and destroyed a different 10 percent of the cortex. So on until he had 10 pigeons each with a different portion of the cortex removed. He could’’t find any deficits in the pigeons, so he conclude by stating that all the cortex has an equal potential to do things

Paul Broca 1861

Patient “Tan” showed major speech deficit following a stroke and could only say the word tan. Could understand things fine, damage to the left hemisphere to broca’s area

Wernicke 1874

Had patients who could speak just fine, but couldn’t understand language, damage to left hemisphere Wernicke areas

Lashley’s integrated theory

Memories are distributed, Cortex can function as a whole, higher intellect is generally mediated as a whole, any brain injury can impair higher functioning, one area can substitute for another, at least to some degree in many cases.

Neuropsychology

The study of the relationship between behavior and brain function. Involves testing and making a plan for them to succeed.

Phineas Gage

Railroad worker who accidentally had a hollow rod explode and pass through his brain in 1848. Against odds, he recovered and was studied. They staid his personality changed as a result of his injury to his frontal lobe.

Trepanation 6500 BCE

Made holes in the head to release evil spirts or to relieve the brain of pain

Peripheral nervous system

Includes the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

This is our flight or fight response

Parasympathetic nervous system

This is our rest and digest response

Somatic nervous system

This includes the 12 cranial nerves

What are the 6 cranial nerves?

Olfactory, Optic, Trigeminal, Facial, Auditory, and Vagus nerve. They are all the motor and sensory information from the head

What are the four areas of the spinal cord?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

Olfactory nerve (1)

Smell

Optic nerve (2)

Vision

Trigeminal nerve (5)

Touch and pain on face

Facial nerve (7)

Facial muscles

Auditory nerve (8)

Auditory vestibular nerve , hearing and balance

Vagus nerve (10)

Internal organs

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Upper back

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Closest to the tailbone

Neuraxis

An imaginary line from the tip of an animal's nose to the tip of their tail

What are the 3 directional terms for sectioning the brain?

The midsagittal, Horizontal, and the Coronal

What is the covering around the brain?

Meninges

What is the white matter?

Cell bodies in the brain

What is grey matter?

The connections between cells (the myelin)

What are the four different lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal lobe, Occipital lob, Temporal lobe

Which lobes doe the central sulcus separate?

This is the longest sulcus in the brain and is separates the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe and the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

What is the function of the hindbrain

Has the medulla oblongata that is for breathing and sustaining the heartbeat and the cerebellum that is for balance and coordination

What is the function of the midbrain?

Has the reticular formation that is arousal/alertness and the pineal gland that produces melatonin

What is the function of the forebrain?

Forebrain includes the Thalamus (sensory system processing), hypothalamus (flight, fight, feeding, thirst , sex drive), amygdala (emotions), hippocampus (memory), corpus callosum (relays signals between the hemispheres)

What are the 3 systems?

The limbic, the movement, and the visual

Meninges

A covers that is 4 paper thick that protects the brain

Thalamus

Sensory system processing, in forebrain

Hippocampus

Memory, in forebrain

Hypothalamus

Fight, Flight, Feeding, Thirst and sex drive, in forebrain

Corpus callosum

Relays signals between the hemisphere, in forebrain

Amygdala

Emotions, in forebrain

Reticular formation

Arousal/alertness in the midbrain

Pineal gland

produces melatonin, in midbrain

Medulla oblongata

Breathing, sustaining the heartbeat, in the hindbrain

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Midsagittal

A cut like a hotdog bun

Horizontal

A cut like a hamburger bun

Coronal

A cut like a loaf of bread

Dorsal

Means up

Ventral

Means down

Anterior

Or Rostral is front

Posterior

Or caudal means back

Central nervous system

This includes the brain and spinal cord

Frontal lobe

Higher thought, personality, motor control. This includes the primary motor cortex

Parietal lobe

Touch and includes the somatosensory cortex

Occipital lobe

Vison

Temporal lobe

Hearing and memory

What is a tissue?

The bumps and folds on the surface of the brain

What are the two types of tissues?

Gyrus and Sulcus

Gyrus

The bumps

Sulcus

The folds

The limbic system

This is involved in emotions, it includes the amygdala (fear), hippocampus (memory), hypothalamus (sex), and thalamus (sensory system processing)

Movement system

This includes the primary motor cortex (motor control), cerebellum (balance and coordination), and the Basal ganglia (fine motor control)

Visual system

This includes the dorsal system (perceives motion) and the ventral stream (perceives individual components)

What gyrus is anterior to the central sulcus?

The primary motor cortex

What gyrus is posterior to the central sulus?

The somatosensory cortex

Ipsilateral

Same side