History Unit 2 (not mine)

Modern World History Unit 2 - The Rennasance, Reformation, and Scientific Reformation.

renaissance

-the rebirth of Europe of this time especially of art and literature

-also education bringing the ideals from Greek and Rome

Causes of the Renaissance

-end Bubonic plague and Hundred year war

-when they were surrounded by all of this death it motivated them live their life to the fullest

-merchants became more wealthy causing them to be patrons of the arts to show off

-Monarchs of England, France, and Spain promoted commercial revolution causing more money for towns and cities

-France invaded Italy causing them to flee and spread ideas

city-states

-large independent states

-there was a growth of city-states in Italy (birthplace of renaissance)

-helped cultures blend and ideas spread

patrons

-people who financially supported the arts

-church leaders, merchants, and wealthy families

humanism

-the intellectual focus of human potential and achievements

-first introduced by the Greeks

-they studied these Greek works instead of the Bible

-influenced the artists and architects

-also focused on education of History, Literature, and philosophy

Humanities

renaissance was heavily influenced by these subjects such as art, poetry, and liturature.

secular

-a focus on more worldly things not just faith

-drew people away from “traditional” Christianity

-priest started to focus on more fancy things like homes and art

Renaissance Man

-someone who is well educated

-master in many field and well rounded

-also whoever was educated would also be expected to create art

realism

-a art form focused on real emotions as well portrayed humans introduced during this time

-they slowly moved away from idealism

- Raphael was the first to introduce this style of art

vernacular

-a common spoken language on a literature language like German

-started to emerge in Renaissance literature which helped the ideas spread quicker

-promoted more education

protestantism

-a new branch of Christianity introduced by reformation

-three branches (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism)

-Luther helped spread it through his 95 theses

-they believe in a more “traditional” form of Christianity where faith is above all

Reformation

-a revolt against authority and the Roman Catholic Church

-introduced by Luther and his ideas through the 95 theses

-many of the people revolting are common peasants against the church

Causes of the Reformation

-renaissance promotes individualism and individual relationship with God

-new invention of printing press allows ideas to spread

-rulers wanted to gain power back from the church

-people were tired of paying taxes to the church and rulers didn’t like the church’s wealth

-church leaders were too concerned about wealth

-the church was weakened and there were corruptions and indulgences which angered people

Reformation Effects

-established Protestant sects

-shattered religious unity

-led to Christianity diversity

-council of Trent was introduced

Christian Humanism

-people from Italy spread their ideas to the Northern renaissance

-caused a spread between Christianity and humanism

-people would still lead a christian life but, they would also have a focus on education

-also reformed society

printing press

-introduced in China but, expanded by Johann Gutenburg

-allowed ideas to spread more and quicker

-it promoted education and new ideas throughout Europe

Martin Luther

-was a lawyer but, later became a monk and teacher because he survived a thunderstorm

-he decided to make a stand through his 95 theses which elaborated on the terrible actions of the church and their indulgences

-he posted on a church door but, then his students made copies and distributed them through Europe

-started the Reformation

-this angered many people so his friend had to hold him in his castle where Martin Luther translated the Bible into German

indulgences

-the church would use these to gain money

-they would target them towards peasants and say if they pay this money God will forgive them of their sins

-would use fear to convince them

-one of the reasons for the 95 theses

Calvinism

-they believed God had already decided who would go to heaven or not and no one could do anything to change it

-there were many rules in this sect such as no games or bright clothing

council of Trent

-made of up of bishops and cardinals

-formed to stop the Protestant ideas to spread

-believed whoever went against the “traditional” Bible is a heretic

-believed people were not only saved by faith alone as Luther believed

-believed indulgences weren’t bad and the church should maintain the power it has

Raphael

-made advancements in realism

-studied Leonardo and Michelangelo’s work and expanded on their ideas

-most famous piece of art is the Athen’s School

Florence

-a major city-state of the time in Italy

-the birthplace of the Renaissance

-had a blend of culture which led to it to be the perfect place for art

Medici

-was the family who ruled Florence at the time

-they were the wealthiest family of the time

-they are a family of bankers

-there were many generations of dictators

Renaissance Art

• excellent use of perspective

• high detail

• portraits and religious art

• realism

• frescos and canvas paintings

Utopia

A book written by humanist Thomas More about a perfect fictional world. It has no greed, corruption, or war.

William Shakespeare

A famous playwright and poet known for works such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. He was influenced by the Renaissance when it spread to England.

Johann Gutenberg

German craftsman who developed the printing press that could print faster and cheaper. This new press helped spread new ideas quickly and to a broader audience.

Durer

famous German artist of the Northern Renaissance

Lutherans

the name for Luther’s followers; a sect of Protestantism

Jesuits

a group of Catholics who helped reform the Catholic Church by founding schools that taught both classical subjects and theology, converting people to Christianity, and stopping the spread of Protestantism

Erasmus

Dutch theologian, humanist, priest, philosopher, and prolific writer.

Prior to (before) the Enlightenment, what kind of political structure existed in most European governments?

Absolute Monarchy

Enlightenment

The 18th Century philosophical movement stressing the importance of reason and applying reason to social institutions, including government, to justify change

During the Scientific Revolution, what did scientists believe?

Believed something only if it could be tested or proven; ran experiments to test accepted knowledge; conducted systematic experimentation to reveal the laws of nature

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. Developed Heliocentric Theory.

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion

Galileo Galilei

The father of scientific method. Made key advances in astronomy such as planetary surfaces.

Sir Isaac Newton

British scientist that developed the laws of motion and gravity.

Johann Gutenberg

started a printing revolution by inventing the printing press

Mary Tudor

First Queen of England.

Leonardo DaVinci

an artist who painted the Mona Lisa and was considered a true Renaissance man

Isaac Newton

scientist that showed gravity keeps planets in orbit

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power, called The Prince

indulgence

the lessening of time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

Galileo Galilei

invented the telescope and was put on trial by the inquisition for advocating the heliocentric model

Medici family

The family that is considered the "Godfathers of the Renaissance" and funded great artists

Reform

to change

Humanism

more focus on the individual, worldly subjects, and ancient Greece & Rome

Renaissance

rebirth: revival of learning and culture

The Renaissance started in this country

Italy

Council of Trent

A church court set up to punish corrupt church officials

Leonardo DaVinci's most famous paintings

The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian soldier, diplomat, courtier, and writer who wrote “the book of the courtier”

Sir Thomas Moore

Wrote Utopia about his vision of an ideal society about peace and harmony

Jesuits

Part of the Catholic Reformation- Christian missionaries, founded by Ignatius of Loyola

How did the Church of England start?

Henry VIII wanted a divorce, but the pope would not grant it

Why was Mary Tudor nicknamed "Bloody Mary"

She persecuted many Protestants in England

Nicholas Copernicus

He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic force that limited the spreading of Protestant ideas.