Final

List 3 of the Earth’s 4 major spheres:

Hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere

There are 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries, list them:

Divergent, convergent, transform

Magma that cools below the surface produces intrusive igneous rocks while lava that erupts onto the Earth’s surface produce what general type of igneous rock?

Extrusive

The rate of cooling is fast for lava at or close to the surface which results in very small crystals: this is called a(n) _____ igneous texture.

Fine grained

List the 5 characteristics that define a mineral:

Naturally occurring, definite chemical composition, orderly crystalline structure, solid, inorganic

The age of the Earth is about:

4\.6 billion years old

About what percent of the Earth’s total water is in the oceans:

96%

The most abundant mineral group in the Earth’s crust is:

Silicates

What type of plate boundary is the mid-Atlantic Ridge?

Divergent

What common silicate mineral exhibits conchoidal fracture?

Quartz

A dike is what type of intrusion?

Discordant

Usually, only a small percentage of mantle rock melts in most tectonic settings, a process known as:

Partial melting

A numerical value of a mineral’s hardness can be obtained by using the:

Moh’s scale

How many oxygen atoms are bonded to the silicon atom in the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

4

The 2nd most abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust (it consists almost entirely of silicon and oxygen):

Quartz

Kaolinite is this type of mineral:

Clay

A phaneritic igneous texture:

Coarse grained

A vesicular igneous texture results from:

Voids left by gas bubbles that escape during cooling

A pyroclastic igneous rock composed mainly of tiny, ash-sized fragments cemented together:

Tuff

Horizontally, concordant igneous bodies that form when magma intrudes between sedimentary beds:

Sill

The more silica in a magma, the greater its:

Viscosity

List 3 of the common non-silicate minerals:

Gold, silver, diamond

Micas possess what type of silicate structure:

Sheet

A subduction zone is a type of:

Convergent plate boundary

The San Andreas fault in California is this type of plate boundary:

Transform plate boundary

Long, linear depression in the seafloor produced when oceanic lithosphere bends as it descends into the mantle:

Deep-ocean trench

Granite is this type of igneous rock:

Intrusive

The lithosphere lies directly below the asthenosphere: T or F?

F

What type of composition is a basalt:

Mafic

Biotite and muscovite are this type of mineral:

Mica

Typical rate of seafloor spreading is:

5 cm per year

Obsidian has what type of igneous rock texture:

Glassy

Rock salt is what type of sedimentary rock:

Evaporite

A clastic sedimentary rock consisting of silt and clay sized particles is:

Shale

Marble results from the metamorphism of this rock:

Limestone

List the 4 agents of metamorphism:

Differential stress, chemically active fluids, compaction, heat

A hard chemical sedimentary rock made of microcrystalline quartz is:

Chert

Soft, black coal is called bituminous. What is soft, brown coal called?

Lignite

Slate is a metamorphic rock formed from what parent rock?

Shale

Dolostone is a chemical sedimentary rock dominated by the mineral dolomite. Dolomite is a carbonate but about half its calcium ions have been replaced by:

Magnesium ions

The 2 main process contributing to lithification of sedimentary rocks are 1) compaction and 2) _____

Cementation

Metamorphic rocks that do not exhibit foliation are described as:

Nonfoliated

A volcanic landform that is a large steep sided depression having a somewhat circular form and greater than 1 km in diameter: _____

Caldera

A debris flow on the slope of a volcano that results when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow downslope: _____

Lahar

The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Island are:

Shield volcanoes

Limestone is composed chiefly of what mineral?

Calcite

There are 3 main varieties of sedimentary rock: organic, chemical, and:

Clastic

Common foliated metamorphic rocks include (in order of increasing metamorphic grade): Slate, phyllite, _____, and gneiss.

Schist

This is a sedimentary rock consisting of rounded, poorly sorted particles ranging in size from bit stones to small pebbles:

Conglomerate

A common organic sedimentary is _____.

Coal

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would have the smallest particle size: sandstone, shale, or conglomerate

Shale

Mount St. Helens is what type of volcano:

Composite volcano

A type of volcano with gentle slopes, and broad, slight domed structure (such as Mauna Loa) is called:

Shield volcano

A low density vesicular rock that forms during explosive eruptions of viscous magma - this rock is so light that small pieces can flow in water: _____

Pumice

Crate Lake, Oregon, is an example of this type of volcanic landform:

Caldera

List 3 volcanic hazards mentioned in the textbook:

Flows, ash, lahars

A lava flow which has surfaces of rough jagged blocks is called:

Aa

Fissure eruptions usually emit low viscosity, fluid lava that blanket wide areas. These are called:

Flood basalts

What is the most abundant sedimentary rock? _____

Shale

Rock salt and rock gypsum are chemical sedimentary rocks known as:

Evaporites

Foliation in metamorphic rock forms _____ to the direction of maximum differential stress.

Perpendicular

A type of unconformity in which younger sedimentary Strat overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks:

Nonconformity

Carbon-14 satin can be used to date events as far back as approximately:

70,000 years

Which era is between the Paleozoic Era and the Cenozoic Era?

Mesozoic

The Principle of _____ states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below.

Superposition

The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships states that a geologic feature that cuts across rocks must form _____ the rocks the feature cuts through.

After

The oldest rock so far found on the Earth may be about how many years old?

4 billion

In radiometric dating, the length of time for 1/2 the radioactive isotope to decay is known as the _____ life.

Half

The branch of science that studies fossils is:

Palentology

In what geologic time ERA are we currently in?

Cenozoic

_____ is a term used to define 88% of Earth’s history prior to the start of the Paleozoic.

Precambrian

What are 3 types of chemical weathering processes?

Oxidation, hydrolysis, dissolution

As overburden is removed and confining pressure is reduced, the outer parts of a granitic mass expand and separate into slabs or sheets of rock. Eventually the slabs may separate and peel off, creating:

Exfoliation dome

The oldest category of eon or era in the geologic time scale is the:

Precambrian

In the idealized soil horizon the E horizon is a zone of:

Eluviation and leaching

Many rock outcrops have a rounded appearance because chemical weathering works inward from exposed surfaces. This process is called:

Spheroidal weathering

The most recent era in geologic time began about 66 million years ago. It is called the:

Cenozoic

Granite and limestone are exposed at the Earth’s surface in a hot, humid region. Which rock will weather more rapidly? _____

Limestone

A type of unconformity in which the sedimentary beds above and below the unconformity are parallel:

Disconformity

Climate is a major factor in soil formation. The soils in tropical forests under a tropical climate is usually extremely leached and mature. Those soils Riley contain:

Well developed soil horizons of O, A, E, and B.

Which process is a type of mechanical weathering?

Frost wedging

Two specific conditions increase the probability that an organism will be fossilized: 1) rapid burial in the sediment after death, and 2) _____.

Structures that resist decay

A layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering that covers the Earth’s surface:

Regolith

Soils in which no particle size predominates (a roughly equal mix of clay, silt, and sand) is called:

Loam

List the 5 main factors that control the formation of soils.

Plants, animals, and microbes, topography, climate, time, parent material

Imagine we have 2 samples of the exact same granite rock. We place one in Antarctica and one in the Amazon rain forest. Which sample will weather more rapidly?

Amazon

An area along an active fault where fault rupture has not occurred for a long time is called a:

Seismic gap

Name 3 types of hazards mentioned in the textbook that might cause destruction related to an earthquake.

Tsunami, fire, landslide

Most earthquake energy is released worldwide in the ring of mega thrust faults rimming which ocean?

Pacific

According to the textbook, the largest historical earthquake that has occurred east of the Rocks was located in:

South Carolin

A relatively rapid type of mass movement that involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water is:

Debris flow

Where summers are too short and cool to melt more than a shallow surface layer, the permanently frozen ground is known as _____.

Permafrost

A debris flow composed mostly of volcanic materials on the flanks of volcanoes is called a _____.

Lahar

The name given to an event where blocks of bedrock break loose and slide down a slope:

Rockslide

A type of mass movement that involves slow, gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith is called _____.

Creep

The Trans-Alaska pipeline carries heated oil across Alaska. Much of the pipeline is not buried but suspended above the ground. Suggest a reason why the pipeline is not buried over much of its length. _____.

The heated oil would melt the permafrost

Which of the following locations would be most likely to see large scale, rapid mass wasting?

a. Florida Everglades

b. Central Illinois

c. Mojave Desert

d. Rocky Mountains

Rocky Mountains

Wildfires, such as the ones in Montecito, California in 2018, contribute to mass wasting. What effect do they have?

Wildfires clear the slope of vegetation, leading to a more unstable slope

Which mass wasting process involved volcanically derived material from the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz and destroyed the city of Amero in 1985?

Lahar

In what climate(s) is solifluction prevalent?

Tundra and subarctic