Criminology Exam 1

What is the UCR and what does it tell us?

-uniform crime reporting program

-yearly data from FBI

-data from the public

-breaks down crimes under pt 1 n pt 2

What is the NIBRS and what does it tell us?

-national incident based reportin system

-more detailed and incident driven

-fbi collect more details on the circumstances surrounding each serous criminal incident(including demographics of victims and offenders, property loss, weapons used, and victim-offender relationship) 

What is the NCVS and what does it tell us?

• National crime victimization survey

• the U.S. government's primary source of information on criminal victimization, collecting data through interviews with a nationally representative sample of households about crimes experienced by people aged 12 and older.

Whats the clearence rate?

the proportion of reported or discovered crimes within a given offense category that are solved

what are flaws of the UCR? 

underestimating the incidence of crime

what was Durkheim view on crime in society?

its a normal function in society, inevidtable 

what was Cesare Beccaria views?

-we are rational beings who weigh the postive and negative of our actions

-use deterrence

-no cruel and unusual punishment, no death penalty

what was cesare beccaria main goal?

reigning in the power of governemental actors within the cis

What did jermey Bentham believe?

-pain vs pleasure balance

-punishment should only be distasteful to the offender so that the discomfort outweighs the benfits gained by commiting crimes

-

what did Lombroso belive? 

-the evalution link between how we look and behave

what is postivism?

what school of thought is it under?

what does it reject

what is main focus/ views on crime?

-believe that much of human behavior(crime) results from forces beyond our control(phsycial, biological, socical factors)

-part of the Neoclassicla criminolgy school

-rejected free will

-the impact of socialization, genetics,economic condtions, peer influence

• punishment is indeterminate and is for self preservation

• treatment, rehavilitation emphasis

what was Merton’s core concepts?

-economic motivation for crime

-there is a gap between the rich and poor on how to achieve the american dream 

-the strain theory

what are Mertons 5 anomie adaptions?

-conformists

-innovators 

-ritualists, rebellions, retreatists 

-rebels(tear down systems and start over

whats the cultural devience theory?

-lack of opportunity in subcultures, particulary youth subcultures

-how and why street gangs and organized crime happen

what was the chicago school?

-first group of
ecological/environment
al theories of crime
-Theories that focus on place
and space instead of directly on
people.

what is general strain theory , which theorist? 

Merton

-strain adn stressors that result in criminal coping mechanisms

-how can other stress and strain can lead to crime

what were the concepts of Cesare Beccarias ‘Crime n Punishment book?

-presumption of innocence

-punihsment based on retributive reasoning + should be liminted

-social contract theory

what are Lombrosos 3 criminal types?

1: born criminals(5> atavistic anomalies)

2: Criminaloids(Partial opportunity, 5< anomalies

3: Criminals by Passion(emotion driven, no anomalies) 

Breakdown the Classical theory?

-free will,

-focus is on crime

-based in legal science

-emphasis on punihsment(its determinate)

-punishment is for retrubutin and deterrence

what is ‘Atavism’ and who came up with it?

Cesare Lombroso, “criminality was result of primitve urges that survived the evoultionary process in modern day human throwbacks

what are the 3 types of scocial structure theory?

-social disorganization theory(ecological approach)

-strain theory

-cultural conflict theory

whta tis the social conflict theory?

oppression, exploration of the lower calsses by the upper classes

what did Cohen and Clowards come up with that was based off of mertons strain theory? 

-ppl not having access to jobs and equal education

-come up with 3 types of subcultures and apply it to the types of law breakig and cirminal subcultures that are out there

-criminal,  conflict, retreatist subcultures

what are Agnews 3 sources of strain under his strain theory?

-failure to achiece psotively vauled goals

-actual or anticipated removal of postively vauled stimuli

-actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli

who is robert park and what did he do?

-part of the chicago school

-studied human ecology(how we develop and organize cities)

who is Ernest  Burgess and what did he do?

-part of the chicago school

-wrote the book ‘The City’ with Robert Park

-created the concentric zone theory(cites tend to expand from their center in a serious of 5 concentric ones, each moving outwards) 

who is clifford shaw/ henry mckay  and what did they do?

-one of the first to work  in juv justice in chicago 

-influenced by Burgess understanding of the soical roots of crime

-created the theory ‘social disorganization theory’

-took every juv court  case records from 1900-1933 and made maps to look at the disturbtion of spot maps and rate/zone maps(gave location and info on the juvs arrest)

what did Shaw and Mckay find aka thier disorgaination theory 

- neighborhood organization was the main factor determining juv delinquency

-they found that something is going on with juvs in the zone of transiton

-further from the zone of transiton and the city center= less crime

-somehing about the location generates a tradion of crime over generations, its not the people

-there are social and structural characteristics about neighborhoods that drive crime(poverty, residential mobility, diversity)

what did albert chon do?

-subcultrual theory 

-combined Mertons strain theory and shaws/ makays work on cultural transmions(social disorganization theory)  and applied them to how gangs form 

what is the ecological school?

-society in the form of teh community has a m mjaor infulence on human behavior

wat is the differential asscoation theory and who came up with it?

-about learning how to commit crime

-why and how they may commit crime

-criminal behavior is learned through socail interations, communication and shared values

-Edwin Sutherland 

who was the first person to do interview based studies?

Edwin Sutherland and he interviewed juvs

what are the 2 difintions of the information learned under Differential Associaltion theory?

-techinques and transfre of skills needed to commit the crime

-the motives, drifes, beliefs, vaules needed to commit crime

which theory can be used to expalin wa wider variey of crime, disorganization or differential association? 

-differential association becasue its all about learning the ‘why"‘

what do we get from the chicago school and what other theorys did it influcence ?

-crime mapping, fied studies

-the transmision of a criminal cutlure

-laid the groundwork for the social learning theory, cultural deviance theory, collective efficacy, social control or social bond theory

who all is inovled in the Chicago School?

park and burgess

-shaw and mckay

-sutherlan

what is collective efficacy and who came up with ti?

robery sampson

-reconceptualzied social disorganization to account for the likelikuhood that residents would mobilize or engage in informal
social control in the face of crime and delinquency

-will people help even it they dont get anyting for it

who is Ronald Akers and what did he do?

-expanded differential asscocation to
account for a lack of mechanism and
process

-focused on the “ how people learn to commit crimes

what phrase did sutherland coin?

white collar crime

what is Cesare Beccaria the father of?

american criminal law

whos the father of criminology?

Lombroso

what is the social structure theory?

crime is the result of an
individual's location within the structure of society

what is the social process theory?

crime is the product of
various social processes, especially inappropriate socialization and social learning

what is Mertons concept of anomie?

a disjunction between socially
approved means to success and legitimate goals