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What muscle elevates, rotates, and retracts the shoulder?
Trapezius
Which nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?
Extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus
What muscle helps to retract and rotate the scapula?
Rhomboideus major
What are the superficial back muscles?
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboideus major, rhomboideus minor, levator scapulae
What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?
Elevate ribs during inspiration
Which nerves innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
Ventral primary rami T9-T12
What is the primary action of the splenius capitis?
Laterally bend the neck to the ipsilateral side and extend head and neck.
Which nerve innervates the erector spinae muscles?
Dorsal rami of respective spinal nerves.
What muscle is responsible for arm flexion, adduction and is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
Coracobrachialis
What is the function of the deltoid muscle?
Flex, extend, and abduct the humerus
Which muscle abducts the humerus and is innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
Supraspinatus
What is the action of the pectoralis major?
Adduct, medially rotate, extend, and flex the humerus.
What is the function of pectoralis minor?
Protract and depress the scapula.
What muscle is known as the
SITS
Who innervates the subclavius muscle?
Subclavian nerve
Which forearm muscle pronates and flexes the forearm?
Pronator teres
What is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flex hand and abduct wrist.
Which nerve innervates the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median nerve.
What muscle is responsible for wrist flexion?
Palmaris longus.
What is the main action of the brachioradialis?
Flex the forearm.
What is the role of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extend and adduct the wrist.
What is the main innervation of wrist extensors?
Radial nerve.
What are the thenar muscles that are responsible for thumb movements?
Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis.
What is the function of the abductor digiti minimi?
Abduct the 5th digit.
Which muscle acts to flex the proximal phalanx of the 1st digit?
Flexor hallucis brevis.
Which nerve supplies the dorsal interossei muscles?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve.
What muscle is responsible for buttock extension and lateral rotation of the thigh?
Gluteus maximus.
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
Abduct and medially rotate the thigh.
Which muscle is the main lateral rotator of the thigh?
Piriformis.
What muscle performs the actions of adduction and flexion of the thigh at the hip?
Pectineus.
What is the function of the sartorius?
Flex, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip; also flex and medially rotate the knee.
What are the four quadriceps muscles?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.
Which group of muscles are responsible for flexion of the thigh?
Anterior thigh muscles.
What is the main artery supplying the gluteal region?
Inferior gluteal artery.
What is the innervation of the hamstring muscles?
Tibial nerve.
What muscle is responsible for flexing the knee and extending the thigh?
Semitendinosus.
What is the main action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantarflex the foot and flex the leg.
Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior.
Which nerve innervates the fibular muscles?
Superficial fibular nerve.
What are the three compartments of the leg?
Anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
What does the achilles tendon do?
Transmits forces from the calf muscles to the foot.
What movements occur at the knee joint?
Flexion and extension.
What is the unhappy triad injury?
Involves MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus tear.
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Pivot joint.
Which muscles support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Tibialis posterior and intrinsic foot muscles.
What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?
Supports the arches of the foot.
Which ligament stabilizes the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament.
What is the role of the patellar ligament?
Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket joint.
What is the main blood supply of the leg?
Popliteal artery.
What structures do the femoral nerve supply?
Anterior compartment of the thigh.
What is the circular band of connective tissue surrounding the elbow joint called?
Annular ligament.
What are the two components of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve.
What nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve.
Which two ligaments prevent varus and valgus movements at the elbow joint?
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.
What are the major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint?
ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL.
What factors can contribute to knee stability?
Ligaments, muscles, and joint structure.
What pathology is associated with varicose veins?
Blocked venous return.
What are the parts of the brachial plexus?
Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches.
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve.
What muscle assists with forearm supination?
Supinator.
What muscles do the median nerve primarily innervate?
Flexors of the forearm and intrinsic hand muscles.
What muscles are responsible for finger abduction?
Dorsal interossei.
What is the role of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist?
Prevents bowstringing of flexor tendons.
Which arteries form anastomoses in the shoulder region?
Thyrocervical trunk, dorsal scapular artery, and circumflex scapular artery.
What is the main function of the glenohumeral joint?
Allows a wide range of movements of the arm.
Which muscle is responsible for abducting the shoulder?
Supraspinatus.
What is the clinical significance of the axillary nerve?
Innervates the deltoid muscle and sensation to the skin overlying the lateral shoulder.
What is the role of the iliopsoas muscle?
Flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
What is the main action of the gracilis muscle?
Adduct the thigh and flex the knee.
What is the anatomical name for the kneecap?
Patella.
Which nerve is commonly affected in a wrist drop?
Radial nerve.
What is the articular surface of the hip joint called?
Acetabulum.
What bones are involved in the ankle joint?
Tibia, fibula, and talus.
What structures are seen in the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve, artery, and vein.
Which muscle group is responsible for forearm flexion?
Anterior compartment muscles.
What is the role of the dorsal scapular artery?
Supplies blood to the rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae.
Which ligament strengthens the ankle joint medially?
Deltoid ligament.
What is the main action of the subscapularis muscle?
Medially rotate the humerus.
What is the anatomical landmark for locating the brachial artery?
Medial border of the biceps brachii muscle.
Which nerve innervates the lumbricals of the hand?
Median and ulnar nerves.
What are the key functions of joint ligaments?
Stabilize joints, limit movement, and provide support.
What is the primary muscle for shoulder extension?
Latissimus dorsi.
What joints compromise the elbow region?
Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints.
What is the flexor tendons' role in the hand?
Flex the fingers.
What is the articulation surface for the shoulder joint?
Glenoid fossa and humeral head.
What movement occurs at the proximal radioulnar joint?
Supination and pronation.
What nerve is responsible for elbow flexion?
Musculocutaneous nerve.
What is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Prevent anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.
Which muscle flexes the great toe?
Flexor hallucis longus.
What does the term
Hip drop
What joint type is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
Saddle joint.
What is the function of the dorsal interossei?
Abduct the fingers.
What ligaments reinforce the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Collateral ligaments.
What movements involve the wrist joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis in the foot?
Support the foot's arches.
What muscle group acts to extend the toes?
Extensor digitorum.
What pathology can occur due to excessive eversion of the ankle?
Pott's fracture.
What structures are found in the axillary region?
Axillary vein, axillary artery, and brachial plexus.
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