History

What was the industrial revolution?

a period of major technological advancement, primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries.

How did the industrial revolution happen?

It transformed previously agriculturally centred communities, countries and cities into modern places, paving the way for an entirely modern and automated future.

Where did the industrial revolution first begin?

Britain

What was a major agricultural revolution?

Fencing of many small areas of land, previously shared by the community, to create larger private farms - this was a process known as enclosures.

How did the agricultural revolution of enclosures benefit wealthy people?

Wealthy people were granted these lands for their private use and profit.

Why was the agricultural method of enclosures a revolution?

It led to more efficient farming, and the system meant that more crops could be grown and animals could be raised by far fewer people.

Cons/effects of enclosure farming method?

More efficient farming, but at the expense of people who had relied on the land for their daily needs. As a result of the method being implemented, many farm workers left the country and moved into towns and cities in search of new work.

How did inventions and new practices in one industry tend to affect others?

For example, the development of coal-powered steam engines led to an increased demand for coal.

What other ‘revolutions’ developed as a result of the industrial revolution?

Progressive ideas and movements leading to events such as the French and American revolutions

Tenements

Early apartments - there was not a lot of space left for people to live/people could no longer afford to live in ordinary sized homes. 

Structure of tenements?

Multi-roomed residences - families would share one room as opposed to whole houses

True or false: lower-class workers would own bigger properties and wealthier people such as factory owners would live in tenements.

False

How many days a week and for how many hours did the average worker have to work?

Six days a week and up to 16 hours a day

10/10/10 rule?

Reforms - by the 1870s in Britain - No child under 10 could be employed in factories, education for children under 10 was compulsory, and the working day was limited to 10 hours.

What new ways to harness nature’s energy were introduced during the industrial revolution?

• hand powered tools were replaced - same work, only cheaper and faster 

• textile mills machinery 

• locomotives and steamboats 

What was the downside to new innovations being introduced?

They automatically made the jobs of some obsolete - with the machines now doing the work for people, there was no need to waste money.

Benefits of industrial revolution

• cheaper and faster because one machine could do the job of 50 people

• food and clothes became more affordable 

• locomotives meant goods could be transported faster 

• improved public transport allowed workers to live away from factories in the new developing suburbs

• street lighting transformed city life at night, encouraging people to enjoy entertainment at theatres and music halls

• transformed Britain’s economy

• living standards improved

• death rates decreased

• introduction of organised public education and schools

• a revolution in medicine, with better surgery and drugs, led to the development of anaesthetic and antiseptic

• growing equality for women

What new class emerged after the industrial revolution?

Workers

Negatives of industrial revolution:

• turned cities “black”

• urban slums 

• exploitation of labourers 

• child labour

Examples of laws developed as a result of the revolution?

• working hours

• safety 

• unionism 

• wages

• worker’s rights

What is unionism?

Groups of workers getting together and fighting for their rights

What was the revolution in medicine that the industrial revolution brought in?

Better surgery and drugs, led to the development of anaesthetic and antiseptic

What is nationalism?

Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially in the exclusion or detriment of benefits of other nations.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation, use of military force, or by other means. In basic terms, imperialism is the control of other countries by foreign powers.

How did European powers such as Britain and France demonstrate imperialism?

-            established colonies in Africa and Asia.

-            They sought to exploit natural resources, spread their culture, and gain strategic advantages,

-            Local populations were often oppressed, losing their land and resources.

-            Imperialism led to economic tensions and competition among European colonies.

How is the industrial revolution linked to the expansion of European empires through imperialism?

without raw materials and income from overseas colonies, industrial revolution in Britain may never have taken place.

What is migration?

The movement of people to places other than from which they originated.

Why were there mass migrations during the industrial revolution?

people moving into cities and towns to work in the new industries

Diaspora

-            the dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland

Examples of the movement of peoples

-            Transatlantic slave trade

-            Growing migration to the Americas

• Transportation of convicts to Australia

• forced transportation of convicts

What was a consequence of the industrial revolution and agricultural revolution in Britain?

Rapid increase in population and the movement of people from farms to cities

What happened in Britain as people crowded into towns and cities?

Ø  overcrowded and unhealthy living conditions became commonplace

o   Those who endured such conditions often sought refuge in alcohol and other drugs

o   Crime was everywhere in the slums of larger cities such as London, as people who were unemployed or on low wages struggled to survive.

What did the British do when they were faced with overcrowded gaols?

Ø  British authorities started housing convicted prisoners in rotting hulks that were kept moored in harbours and ports.

o   As the hulks became overcrowded and unsafe, another solution was found – the transportation of convicts first to North America and then to Britain’s colonies in Australia.

industrial revolution

a period of major technological advancement, primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries. Transformed previous agriculturally centred communities, countries and cities into modern places, paving the way for an entirely modern and automated future.

urbanisation

the evolution of agricultural places into modern and advanced areas.

steam

Co2 used as fuel for automations

coal

Ore found beneath the ground regarded in the modern day as a scarce resource, often used to fuel various automations.

factory

A place at which products and automations are manufactured in order to be distributed.

child labour

The (generally) forced labour of children, often found in poorer communities, places where there are not enough workers of age to go around

automation

Machinery, functions without much input from humans, brought in during the Industrial Revolution to replace human labour

trade union

An organisation of workers formed to advance and protect their rights and interests in the workplace.

slavery

forced labour of disadvantaged groups

migration

The movement of people to places other than from which they originated

settlers

People not native to a particular landmass, rather they have migrated.

convicts

Prisoners who are often transported to penal colonies as punishment for their crimes.

slave trade

Slaves being traded for often valuable items, was a popular trade during the time of the industrial revolution.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation, use of military force, or by other means.

nationalism

Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially in the exclusion or detriment of benefits of other nations.

capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Hulks

Ships no longer considered seaworthy, used as prisons on water to house convicts.

dispossession

losing control or ownership over something

Terra Nullius?

Land belonging to no one.

What were the four stages of interaction with First Nations after British invasion of Australia?

• initial encounter 

• curiosity 

• dancing 

• exchange

British ownership?

• Written contract —> deed 

• dwelling + possessions 

• sign + boundary 

• used free settlers + convicts to legitimise their ownership of the land

First nations ownership?

• stories + art + traditions

• “own” reciprocal nature of the land —> relationship 

• moving with food + climate 

What did Bennelong do?

He learnt about British society

Who was Pemulwuy and what did he do?

He was a Bidjigal man from the Sydney area who waged a resistance against the settlers for 10 years.

What did Windradyne do?

He first resisted then established peace.

When did the Frontier Wars begin?

1788

What was the official beginning of the NSW colony marked by?

The arrival of the British in Botany Bay in 1788.

What was the Black War?

one of the greatest acts of violence during the Frontier Wars, occurred from 1824 to 1831 in Tasmania

What was the black line?

o   in 1830 over 2000 colonists drew a series of lines to create borders in attempt to claim land for themselves – many First Nations people died at the lines – were shot dead if they crossed them

What was significant about the Myall Creek massacre?

It was the only time white people were found guilty of violence towards indigenous people during the Frontier Wars - involved 12 killers, 7 of which were charged and hung.

Who was Major James Nunn?

o   A British man who carried out the Waterloo creek massacre in 1837 by arming settlers to kill first nations people at their waterhole

o   Part of a series of massacres leading up to Myall Creek

How did First Nations people defend themselves during the Frontier Wars?

Ø  quick, small-scale actions like ambushes, sabotage and raids

Ø  While they did use guns, they mostly used fire to burn crops and dingoes to attack British soldiers.

What was the coniston massacre?

Ø  considered the last mass killing by colonists in the Frontier Wars – occurred in NT in 1928

How many first nations people died during the Frontier Wars in QLD?

Approx. 60,000

What were the consequences of the Frontier Wars on First Nations people overall?

Ø  massive impact, killing thousands and almost wiping out entire clans, event also a catalyst for other wrongdoings (Stolen Generations) into the 20^th century

How were First Nations people punished for involvement in the resistance?

They were taken as convicts to small surrounding island like Cockatoo island and Rottnest Island, and left there to die once their sentence was finished

What did martial law mean in the Frontier wars?

Martial Law meant they could kill as many First Nations people as they liked and not be punished. Most of the time white people weren’t punished for the murder of Aboriginal people and as martial law was declared, they became immune from any legal consequences

Why do First nations people have a much high fatality rate than other cultures in Australia?

Trauma of the wars passed down through generations.

True or false: the Frontier Wars are acknowledged as official wars because of their immense significance in Australian history.

False

True or false: each Australian colony shared laws, railway gauges, postage stamps and taxes among other colonies

False

Why was there a growing sense of national pride in Australia by the end of the 1800s?

Most of the people in each colony had been born in Australia.

Why did people want to federate Australia?

• different laws, railway gauges, postage stamps and taxes among each colony caused problems 

• growing sense of Australian nationalism 

• people wanted to stop non-white immigrants from entering Australia

Who was the biggest supporter of a federated Australia?

Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of NSW

What was the largest colony prior to Federation?

NSW

What famous speech did Henry Parkes give in 1889?

The Tenterfield Oration

What reason did Henry Parkes give for Federation in his speech?

Federation would allow Australia to have a united army for the country’s defence.

What was it declared that the federated colonies would be called?

The Commonwealth of Australia

How did they get each colony to approve the draft constitution?

They held referendums

When did Queen Victoria sign the document creating the Commonwealth of Australia?

1/1/1901

What was the final step before federation?

In 1900 the British parliament passed its own law to allow federation to occur.

What did people fear about Federation?

Loss of independence and increased taxes

What was the aim of the White Australia Policy?

To maintain a white society and protect living standards.

When and why was the White Australia policy introduced?

Introduced in 1901 to restrict immigration from non-European countries.

What was the language dictation test?

It was a test for migrants and the official reason given for its use was to make sure that migrants had a suitable level of education. 

True or false: the language dictation test could be dictated in any European language.

True

True or false: all migrants were given the test

False - only those whom the immigration officer considered ‘unsuitable’

What impact did the White Australia policy have?

Ø  The policy had significant impact on immigration, reducing diversity and reinforcing racist attitudes in society.

Ø  the number of new migrants slowed, upsetting most employers who were unable to use cheap labour and now had to pay higher wages and give into Australian demands from workers for better conditions

What was ‘blackbirding’?

pacific islands were  kidnapped from their homes, brought to Australia, forced to sign a contract to work for at least three years and were then sold to plantation owners as slaves.

Kanakas?

A derogatory name meaning a general word for ‘man’ in some South Pacific languages.

Main reasons for the push to restrict immigration?

1.        Economic factors: During the 1890s there was a depression in Australia. Many Europeans lost their jobs or were replaced by imported workers, mainly from Asia, who would work for lower wages.

2.        Racial attitudes: There was a common belief at the time that white people were superior to other races. There was a desire to prevent marriages between races and to keep the white race ‘pure’.

3.        Protection of democratic freedoms: Australians felt that Australia was fragile as it had only been newly federated. Many Australians were threatened by China as it was a great civilisation with a  long history.

Who were protectionists?

People who believed that the government would look after Australian workers and jobs by stopping cheap labour and cheap imports – Protectionist wanted Australian jobs for Australian workers

Who was famously a protectionist?

Edmund Barton

Where/how did the wealthy live in Australia?

In the cities, the wealthy lived in large homes with beautiful gardens, and servants had to attend to their needs

Where did the working poor live in the cities?

Ø  in cramped and unhealthy inner-city slums – often small terrace houses or cottages built alongside factories

True or false: Families of the working poor slept in one room

True

What was the suburban sprawl?

Ø  In the late 1800s, improvements in transport and communication and the availability of land saw the development of suburban sprawl, as members of the middle class, business people and professionals moved outside the centre of capital cities and built their homes surrounded by gardens and lawns

What was the Great Australian Dream?

Ø  a freestanding home on a quarter-acre block of land