BIO 132 Practice Exam #2: Respiration and Blood

These flashcards cover key concepts related to respiration and blood from the BIO 132 practice exam.

Lower respiratory tract

bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Visceral pleura

Covers the external surface of the lungs and alveoli.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) travel to lungs

Primarily found in plasma.

Internal respiration

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the tissues of the body.

Eosinophils

Contain a multi-lobed nucleus and are involved in allergic reactions.

Type AB+ blood

Has A and B antigens on erythrocytes and no antibodies in plasma.

Asthma attack

Breathing difficulty due to constriction of bronchioles.

Total lung capacity (TLC)

The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and residual volume.

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) function

Stimulates inspiration by sending signals to inspiratory muscles.

Diffusion of O2

Occurs from alveoli to blood due to a higher PO2 in the alveoli than in the blood.

CO2 transport in blood

23% travels as carbaminohemoglobin.

Cytokines and clotting factors

Secreted in response to damage by platelets.

Hematocrit

A measure of the number of erythrocytes in the blood.

Boyle's law

Describes how pressure changes in the alveoli due to dimensional changes.

Surfactant function

Prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules on the alveolar surface.

Hemostasis first step

Vasoconstriction (vascular spasm).

O2 movement from alveoli to blood

Driven by the difference in PO2 levels.

Respiratory alkalosis effect

Chemoreceptors inhibit the DRG to decrease ventilation rate.

Blood donation compatibility

An individual with type B- blood can receive O- blood.

Reverse chloride shift

HCO3- enters the red blood cell.

Leukocytes composition

Approximately 8% of the leukocytes in the bloodstream are eosinophils.

Trachea mucosal side components

Goblet cells, cilia, and pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells.

B lymphocytes

Produce antibodies in response to a foreign antigen.

Vital capacity calculation

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume.

Fever stimulation

Stimulated by monocytes in response to pathogens.

Residual volume (RV)

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiration.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) calculation

Calculated from vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume.

Hemoglobin binding

O2 binds to the iron portion of the hemoglobin molecule.

O2 binding affinity

Decreases when body temperature increases or blood pH decreases.

Deep breath inspiration

Involves both tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

CO2 to carbonic acid conversion

Occurs in the cytosol of red blood cells.

Respiratory acidosis response by brain

Increases action potentials from the DRG to muscles of inspiration.

Semi-rigid airway structures

Trachea and primary bronchi are considered semi-rigid.

Type 1 alveolar cells

Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Plasma proteins functions

Act as transport proteins, assist with blood clotting, and increase osmotic pressure.

Chemoreceptors

Detect CO2 levels in the blood.

Trachealis muscle role

Spans gaps in the C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea.

Alveoli macrophages

Cells that ingest inhaled pathogens.

Hypoxemia definition

Condition of low blood O2 levels.

Thrombin

A product of the clotting cascade.

B-lymphocytes function

Promote immune memory.

Dehydration and primary polycythemia

Dehydration is not a cause of primary polycythemia.

Iron deficiency anemia and red blood cells

Immature, nucleated red blood cells are not typically seen.

Saliva and defense

Part of the body’s first line of defense.

Emphysema classification

Both a restrictive and obstructive lung disorder.

High altitudes and O2

Each inspiration contains less O2 due to lower atmospheric pressure.

Basophils function

Secrete vasodilators and inflammatory molecules.

Partial pressure of CO2 in tissues

Typically 46 mmHg.