AICP theory

Functions of planning - Improve efficiencies of outcome

• Enhance social welfare

• Widen the range of choice

• Enrich the civic engagement and governance

Link goals and knowledge to action

Three kinds of theories Normative theories- to what ends should planning be focused

Disciplinary theories - How do things actually function and what methods can we use

Procedural/Process theories - How might planners act

Garden City Movement (Utopianism) Ebenezer Howard - link agriculture and natural environments into the city - self-sufficiency

Modernism (Utopianism) Le Corbusier - radical efficiency oriented towards efficient physical and social arrangements - large highly dense urban structures

Frank Lloyd Wright Broadacre City (Utopianism) - response to Le Corbusier's radiant city - proposed to replace dense industrial cities with small cities, connected by highways, embedded in nature

Synoptic Rational Planning Process that can be systematically applied across all forms of planning - structured, seeks to maximize goals, devising and choosing between alternatives

Emerged from end of Depression and World War 2, out of University of Chicago program of planning (Rexford Tugwell) (1940s and 1950s) - optimism in the power of science

Davidoff and Reiner Choice theory of planning - sequential tasks (value formation, means identification, effectuation)

Challenges to rational planning - Problems are wicked

• knowledge is limited

• Interests are plural

Incrementalism Charles Lindblom "The science of muddling through"

Mixed scanning Amitai Etzioni "a third approach to decision-making"

rationality is bounded, but we can be more systematic than incrementalism - long-term to short-term/zoomed-out to zoomed-in

Paul Davidoff planners are active agents in social change

Saul Alinsky Rules for Radicals

hierarchial bearocracies and central planning reinforces inequality

Transactive Planning John Friedman: engage people in the planning process