Social Stratification and Inequality Review

A series of flashcards covering key concepts related to social stratification, inequality, and related sociological themes.

Slavery (modern forms)

Includes child soldiers, serfdom, forced labor, human trafficking, and sex slavery.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige among members of society.

Caste System

In India, it is based through the institution of religion.

Feudal System

The system that created social divisions before the rise of capitalism.

Prestige

Honor or respect granted from a position, which may not reflect wealth.

Cultural Capital

Tastes, habits, skills, knowledge, and expectations within certain social classes.

Intergenerational Mobility

Status resulting from changes across generations in a family.

Structural Mobility

Changes in economy and social standards affecting social stratification.

Racism

The belief that one's race is superior due to biological differences.

Prejudice

A stereotyped idea about a group that is unlikely to change.

Homophobia

Discrimination against individuals based on their sexual orientation.

Implicit Bias

The racial disparity found in pain management given to patients.

Race (sociological concept)

A construct that is flexible and changes with context.

Embodied Identity

Determining beauty or ugliness based on physical traits.

Genocide

The systematic extermination of a particular group, as seen in the Holocaust.

Population Transfer

The act of relocating a group, such as the internment of Japanese Americans.

Critical Race Theory (CRT)

The study of the relationship between race, racism, and power.

Reverse Racism

The claim by white students that affirmative action leads to their disadvantage.

Asian Americans

Group who faced increased hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Physical traits associated with male or female biology.

Intersex

Condition where an individual exhibits both male and female biological traits.

Gender

Physical, behavioral, and personality traits associated with being male or female.

Gender Non-Conforming

Engaging in behaviors or styles that do not adhere to societal gender norms.

Asexuality

Lack of sexual attraction to others.

Agents of Socialization

Family, education, economy, and media that prepare individuals for gender roles.

Coming Out

The process of revealing one's sexual orientation to others.

Second Wave of Feminism

The Women's Liberation Movement that progressed women's rights in the workplace.

Stonewall Riots

The 1968 riots sparked the LGBTQ+ Rights movement.

Homicide Victims

Female victims are more likely murdered by someone they know.

Sexism

Discrimination based on someone's gender, which can be explicit or subtle.

Gerrymandering

Drawing unfair district borders to maintain political dominance.

Constitutional Monarchy

A type of monarchy seen in countries like England, Spain, and Norway.

Pygmalion Effect

The idea that students' academic performance reflects teachers' expectations.

Credential Society

Emphasis on degrees and certifications for employment and social mobility.

Dual Enrollment

Taking college-level courses in high school.

Structural Functionalism

The perspective that religion shapes behavior and provides community.

Liberation Theology

A Catholic Church perspective focused on the experiences of the poor and oppressed.

Evangelical

A person who actively seeks to spread their religious faith.

Secular

Describes individuals who do not adhere to any religious practices.

Christianity

The religion around which many American institutions base their holidays.

Unchurched

Individuals who consider themselves spiritual but not affiliated with organized religion.

Inequalities in Education

Produced and reinforced through class, gender, and race disparities.

Capitalist/Socialist

Systems that describe America’s economic practices and governmental structure.

Industrial Revolution

Triggered by factories and steam engines, leading to urban migration.

Alienation

Dissatisfaction from work, especially when not compensated fairly.

Resistance Strategies

Actions like quiet quitting and unionizing among workers.

Sweatshop

A facility where workers are exploited, often with harsh conditions.

Outsourcing

The practice of moving operations to countries with less regulatory oversight.

Contingent and Alternative Workforce

Workers like Uber drivers and freelancers who have non-traditional employment.

Communism

A government system with no private ownership or class distinction.

Labor Practices

Issues in American industry compared to those in other industrialized nations.