PUBLIC HEALTH - TEST 2

units 3-5

waterbourne infections occur within how long

few days of ingestion

waterbourne infections involve

several people at the same time

diseases spread through water

typhoid fever

hepatitis

leptospirosis

poliomyelitis

escherichia

ultimate sources of our water

rain and snow

surface water collect in

ponds

streams

rivers

marshes

lakes

more sustainable water sources

shallow wells

deep ground water

rain and snow contain what amount of microbes

very few

sewage

various excretions produced by human or animal

fecal or urinary

may contain pathogems

another potential source of raw sewage

indiscriminate dropping of manure directly into unfenced streams by pasturized livestock

potable water

free of injurious agents

contaminated water

contains dangerous microbial or chemical agents

WHILE HAVING a pleasant odor or taste

polluted water

unclear and unpleasant

totally unfit for consumption

may or may dont have diseae

coliforms

several bacterial genera that are:

aerobic/facultative aerobic

gram negative

non spore forming

enteric bacilli that ferment lactose

coliform gas formation

within 48 hrs at 35 degrees C

coliforms examples include

Escherichia

klebsiella

enterobacter

citrobacter

where are coliforms found in warm blooded creatures

large numbers in intestinal tract

MPN test

most probable number

MPN test procedure

adding specific volumes of drinking water to liquid culture media within test tubes

MF test

membrane filter

MF test procedure

100 mL test water gets filtered through sterile membrane filter

the bacteria on top are placed on media that is selective for coliforms

acceptable coliform number in the US

1 and 4 bacteria per 100 mL water

natural purification of water

soil

sunlight

sedimentation

protozoa

soil purification

massive filter but is slow

therefore farmers use drainage tiles

sunlight purification

incapable of penetrating and sterilizing deep water

artificial purification

chlorine

swimming pools are vectors for what

conjunctivitis

ear infection

intestinal infection

swimming pool sanitiation with which chemicals

chlorine

bromine

iodine

which infection is the bane of every hospital

pseudomonas

pseudomonas characteristics

relatively resistant to both disinfectants and antibiotics,

grow exceptionally well in wet, stagnant environments.

Growth of Pseudomonas can occur in:

sinks

drains

around the base of faucets

oxygen therapy apparatus

air ducts

mist generators

newborn incubators

pseudomonas are a threat especially to

pts with burns

surgical wounds

chronic debilitating disease

food poisoning

development of acute illness from injestion of injurious agents in food

nonmicrobial food poisoning

ingestion of food where individual has hypersensitivity

accidental consumption of chemical poison

microbial food poisoning

injestion and multiplication of microbes

injestion of preformed toxins

three common bacteria in food poisoning

salmonella

staphylococcus aureus

clostridium botulinum

exotoxin

potent poison secreted within the bacterial cell and released into host’s tissues

exotonix characteristics

gram positive

denatured by temps above 60 degrees C and UV light

potent neurotoxins or heart muscle toxins

how much stronger are exotoxins to stychnine

100 to 1 million times tronger

endotoxins

bound within bacterial cell wall

ready to be released during cell death or division

endotoxin characteristics

gram negative

stable, withstanding 60 degress C

weak in activity

does exposure to endotoxin = immunity?

NOOOO

enterotoxin

exotonix that acts on small intestines

results in loss of water into lumen

ending with diarrhea

salmonella is exo or endo?

endotoxin

salmonella - onset

6 - 72 hrs

salmonella - last for how long

3 - 5 days

staphylococcus is endo or exo

exotoxin

staphylococcus - onset

30 mins - 8 hrs

staphylococcus - duration

up to 24 hrs

staphylococcus - are toxins destroyed by cooking?

NO

clostridium botulinum is THE

most POISONOUS substance of all time

1 mg of clostridium is able to kill — guinea pigs

1 million guinea pigs :(

clostridium is an endo or exo

exotoxin

what procedure creates the perfect anaerobic environemnt for clostridial growth

canning procedure

actual effect of clostridium is what

neurological

blocks acetylcholine from pre synaptic cell

turns into flaccid paralysis (deadly)

how much bacteria does it take for food poisoning to occur

large numbers

optimum growth temperature

5 - 60 degrees C

what can we do to food to prevent spoilage

drying the food

because water is essential for bacterial growth

temperature danger zone if food is eft on low heat for a while is

4 - 60 degress C

sources of bacteria for milk contamination

large numbers over teet and udder

systemic bacterial infection of animal

equipment used to collect the milk

cleanliness of the environment

bacteria most commonly found in milk are

staphylococci

streptococci

lactic acid bacteria

enteric organisms

diseases that can be transmitted through milk are

brucellosis

Q fever

bovine tuberculosis

campylobacter

main components of somatic cell count

WBCS

epithelial cells

linear somatic cell count system

0-9 score

for each increase = SCC doubles

normal average for SCC

200 000 per mL

well managed herds SCC average

100 000 per mL

whats considered abnormal SCC

above 250 000 per mL

SCC increases because of what

mastitis

age

late gestation

following calving

stress

pasteurization

milk is heated to temp high enough to kill off non sporeforming bacteria

but not high enough to affect chemical composition of milk

HTST pasteurization

high temperature short time pasteurization

HTST is also known as

flash pasteurization

HTST requuirements

heat to 71.6 degrees C for at least 15 secs

LTLT pasteurization

low temperature long time pasteurization

LTLT is also known as

holding method

LTLT requirements

milk is heated to 62.9 degrees C for at least 30 mins

then quickly cooled after

UHT pasteurization

ultra high temperature treatment

UHT requirements

heat to 87.8 degres C for 3 secs

irradiation

means of preservation with UV light

form of non ionizing radiation

has poor penetrating ability

phosphatase

enzyme that exists in raw milk

is destroyed after successful pasteurization

therefore we can test for this to see if job was successful

failure to inform public about zoonoses leads to

legal liability

giving inadequately trained staff the responsibility of handling zoonotic disease leads to

legal misconduct

man tends to be known as

dead end host

direct zoonosis + examples

direct contact or vehicle

requires only 1 reservoir vertebrate

rabies, brucellosis

cyclo zoonosis + examples

more than 1 vertebrate host

tapeworms

meta zoonosis + examples

requires 1 vertebrate and 1 non vertebrate

dirofilaria immitis

sapro zoonosis + examples

needs non living reservoir

dimorphic fungi

trichinosis - caused by what

trichinella spiralis

trichinosis - transmission

eating undercooked meat

trichinosis - larva eventually get encysted where

skeletal muscles

trichinosis - unique clinical sign

swelling around eyes and face

trichinosis - blood test results

increased WBCS

increased eosinophils

tuberculosis - how can we describe this disease

chronic progressively debilitating granulomatous disease

tuberculosis - affects what species

humans

birds

mammals

tuberculosis - human species

mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis - bovine species

mycobacterium bovis

capable of affecting humans and most warm blooded animals too

tuberculosis - avian species

mycobacterium avium complex

tuberculosis - drugs effective as treatment

isoniazid

streptomycin

paraaminosalicylic acid

tuberculosis - characteristics

acid fast bacillus

resistant to drying, germicides, routine antibiotics

can spay alive in dried sputum for months

only temp of pasteurization kills it

tuberculosis - clinical signs

nodular lesions

emaciation

tuberculosis - diagnosis

intra dermal tuberculin test

exam of sputum

isolation of organims from lesions

Q fever - what kind of disease is it

rickettsial disease

Q fever - caused by WHAT organism

Coxiella burnetti