Gait analysis: Frontal and Transverse plane

Foot/ankle (frontal): initial contact-->early midstance

-Ankle ROM: 3-5 supination-->4-6 pronation

-Ankle muscle activation: TP, TA, FHL, FDL (supinators) eccentric

-shock absorption, stability, unlock midtarsal joint, induce internal tibial rotation, reduce rotary strain on ankle

-want the foot flexible

Foot/ankle (frontal): late midstance-->terminal stance

-Ankle ROM: 4-6 pronation-->neutral or slight supination

-Ankle muscle activation: TP, TA, FHL, FDL (supinators): concentric

-want the foot rigid for stability

Knee (frontal) initial contact-->terminal stance

-knee ROM: neutral with respect to valgus/varus

-Knee muscle activation: passive control, ITB and LCL provide passive resistance

-knee varus moment

Hip (frontal) initial contact-->early midstance

-hip ROM: neutral to 5-7 adduction (some shock absorption)

-hip muscle activation: glute med, upper glute max, TFL (abductors): eccentric

-continuous hip adduction moment

Hip (frontal) late midstance-->terminal stance

-hip ROM: 5-7 adduction -->neutral

-hip muscle activation: glute med, upper glute max, TFL (abductors): concentric/iso

-hip abductors maintain level pelvis for weight bearing stability

-continuous hip adduction moment

***trendelenburg gait: hip drop-->opposite side abductors are weak (r hip drop-->l. abductors weak)

knee (transverse) initial contact-->early midstance

-knee ROM: neutral knee

tibia: neutral-->4-6 internal rotation

femur: neutral-->4-6 internal rotation

-screw home mechanism facilitates shock absorption: rearfoot pronation, tibial internal rotation-->UNLOCK knee to allow flexion

knee (transverse) late midstance-->terminal stance

-knee ROM: neutral knee

tibia:4-6 internal rotation-->neutral

femur: 4-6 internal rotation-->neutral

-screwhome mechanism ensures SL stance stability: foot supination, tibial external rotation-->LOCKS knee to allow extension

hip (transverse) initial contact-->early midstance

-hip ROM: neutral -->4-6 internal rotation

-provides some shock absorption

-hip muscle activation: glute max, piriformis, deep hip rotators (external rotators): eccentric

-continuous hip internal rotation moment

-hip must move in all 3 planes to support upper body

hip (transverse) late midstance-->terminal stance

-hip ROM: 4-6 internal rotation-->neurtal

-hip muscle activation: glute max, piriformis, deep hip rotators (external rotators): concentric/iso

-continuous hip internal rotation moment