DCCC Bio 150 Final Exam Questions with expert curated solutions with 100% Accuracy (PASSED)

Exteroceptors (cutaneous receptors)

- On or near the body surface

- e.g., pressure, touch, pain, temperature

Visceroceptors (interceptors)

provides the body with information about the internal environment, location internally, and often found in body organs ( viscera )

Proprioceptors (a special type of visceroceptor)

provides information on body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch

located skeletal muscle, joint capsules and tendons

what two types of proprioceptors are their ?

Tonic and phasic- they provide positional information about the body

Olfaction

smell better known as chemoreceptors

location- nasal cavity

olfactory function

Carried to brain by olfactory nerve (I)• Sent to limbic system first, then thalamus, then temporal lobe.• Adapts quickly

- Usually the special senses to go the thalamus directly. The smell goes to limbic first, then thalamus.

Gustation

sense of taste with chemoreceptors

location- tongue and lining the pharynx

what is Gustation function and cranial nerves involved?

3 possible Cranial nerves involved: 7, 9 and 10

• Sent to the thalamus, then the temporal lobe

taste buds

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

papillae

bumps on tongue

gustatory receptor cells

sensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustation

Taste pore

opening in taste bud

fibrous tunic

cornea and sclera

vascular tunic

choroid, ciliary body, iris

Retina

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

ciliary body

ring of tissue behind the peripheral iris that is composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

optic disc

blind spot

lens

Focuses light onto retina

Cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

Sclera

white of the eye

chorid

middle layer of the eyeball that contains a dark pigment to prevent the scattering of incoming light rays

Retina

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

central fovea

has the highest density of cones in the retina

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

anterior cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

posterior cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

anterior chamber

fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris

posterior chamber

the space between the iris and the lens, filled with aqueous humor

aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

vitreous body

a transparent jellylike substance filling the interior of the eyeball

Refraction

Bending of light

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

constriction of pupil

blocks peripheral light rays and reduces spherical aberration (blurry edges)

rods vs cones

night vision vs color vision

outer ear

the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

auricle (pinna)

external ear

auditory tube (eustachian tube)

Connects the middle ear to the throat; helps maintain air pressure

external auditory canal

transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

the membrane at the end of the ear canal that relays vibrations into the middle ear

ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands, located in the external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)

auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

bones that connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Equilibrium

A state of balance

dynamic equilibrium

a state of balance between continuing processes

vestibular apparatus

The receptive organs of the inner ear that contribute to balance and perception of head movement

ampulla

dilated portion of a canal or duct

cupula

Moves with the flow of endolymph in the semicircular ducts, and Does not respond to gravity

crista

a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria

hair cells

receptor cells for hearing found in the cochlea

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

cranium

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

cranial meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

brain blood flow

the circulatory route that is more constant;responds to changes in BP and chemistry; the main stimulus for this

autoregulation is pH; poor perfusion allows CO2 to accumulate

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

protective mechanism that maintains stable environment around the brain.

medulla oblongata ( brain stem )

enlarged continuation of spinal cord, blood pressure regulation. conducts ascending and descending impulses between the brain and spinal cord

Pons

rounded bulge on underside of brainstem between medulla oblongata and midbrain, helps to regulate rate and depth of breathing

-Also relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Midbrain

contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain

reticular formation

complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem

Cerebellum

compares motor commands of the cerebrum with proprioceptor information, acts as a cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements

- controls balance and posture

cerebellar hemispheres

unconscious somatic motor control to smooth, refine, coordinate movement

vermis

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

cerebral cortex(grey matter )

arbor vitae(white matter)

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

sensory areas

provide conscious awareness of sensation

motor areas

control voluntary movement

brain waves

Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity

An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity

Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called brain waves

Each person's brain waves are unique

Continuous train of peaks and troughs

Wave frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz)

alpha waves

Idling brain

Beta waves

Alert state

theta waves

more irregular than alpha waves; common in children but abnormal in adults

delta waves

deep, dreamless sleep

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

record of the electrical activity of the brain, also used to identify and locate brain lesions,tumors, infarctions,abscesses and epileptic lesion

cranial nerves

connect to the undersurface of the brain, mostly on the brain

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

olfactory nerve

Innervates olfactory epithelium, sense of smell

optic nerve

sense of sight

oculomotor nerve

eye movement

trochlear nerve

eye movement

trigeminal nerve

sensory and motor

abducens nerve

Motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscle

facial nerve

Somatic motor fibers

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

glossopharyngeal nerve

Tongue and carotid sinus

vagus nerve

Somatic motor fibers, innovate the pharynx and larynx

accessory nerve

motor fibers to neck and upper back

hypoglossal nerve

Somatic motor fibers to the tongue

dura mater

Strong white fibrous tissue

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

pia mater

Innermost transparent layer

epidural space

Located external to the dura mater but inside the bony covering of the spinal cord

subdural space

located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

subarachnoid space

Located under the arachnoid and the outside the pia mater

How are spinal nerves named?

By the vertebral column region from which they originate

Cervical

neck

thoracic (intercostal),

________ spinal nerves (middle) DO NOT FORM nerve plexuses but rather form _________ nerves.

umbar

lower back

sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones