Chapter 6: Language Development Vocab

academic language

the entire range of language used in elementary, secondary, and university-level schools, including words, concepts, strategies, and processes from academic subjects

balanced bilingualism

adding a second language capability without losing your heritage language

academic language

the entire range of language used in elementary, secondary, and university-level schools, including words, concepts, strategies, and processes from academic subjects

balanced bilingualism

adding a second language capability without losing your heritage language

bilingual

speaking two languages and dealing appropriately with the two different cultures

code switching

moving between two speech forms

critical periods

if learning doesn’t happen during these periods, it never will

cultural deficit model

a model that explains the school achievement problems of ethnic minority students by assuming that their cultures are inadequate and does not prepare the students to succeed in school

dialect

any variety of a language spoken by a particular group

emergent literacy

the skills and knowledge, usually developed in the preschool years, that are the foundation for the development of reading and writing

english as a second language (ESL)

the classes devoted to teaching English to students who are English learners

english learners

students who are learning English and whose primary or heritage language is not English

expressive vocabulary

all the different words a person uses in speaking or writing

funds of knowledge

knowledge that families and community members have acquired in many areas of work, home, and religious life that can become the basis for teaching

genderlects

different ways of talking for men and women

generation 1.5

students who characteristics, educational experiences, and language fluencies are somewhere in between those of students born in the US and those of students who are recent immigrants

heritage language

the language spoken in the student’s home or by members of the student’s family

immigrants

people who voluntarily leave their country to become permanent residents in a new place

limited english proficient

a term also used for students who are learning English when their primary language or heritage language is not English (not the preferred term because of the negative connotations)

melting pot

a metaphor for the absorption and assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream of society so that ethnic differences vanish

metalinguistic awareness

understanding your own use of language

monolingual

speaking only one language

overregularize

to apply a rule of syntax or grammar in situations when the rule does not apply, for example, saying “The bike was braked.”

pragmatics

the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used

receptive vocabulary

the words a person can understand in spoken or written language

refugees

a special group of immigrants who also relocate voluntarily but who are fleeing their home country because living there is not safe for them

semilingual

a lack of proficiency in any language; speaking one or more languages inadequately

sensitive period

a time or stage in a person’s development when they are more response to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills

structured english immersion

an environment that teachers english rapidly by maximizing instruction in english and using english at a level appropriate to the abilities of the students in the class who are english learners

syntax

the order of words in phrases or sentences

balanced bilingual

proficient reading, writing, speaking in English and native language

monolingual/literate students

literate in native language, limited English speaking

monolingual/preliterate students

not literate in either language, limited English speakingl

limited bilingual

can converse in both languages but has academic challenges

native-language maintenance/dual-language instruction

teaching ELs in their native language as well