Genes

Point Mutation

Point Mutation

One nucleotide base is changed in some way

Subsitution

One nucleotide base is substituted for another

Silent

No change occurs in the amino acid sequence, even though a base has changed

Addition/Deletion

One of more nucleotide bases are added or deleted to the DNA or RNA

Frameshift

all mRNA codons are shifted over, and therefore code for the wrong amino acids, or create a stop codon in the middle of the mRNA transcript

Gene

A sequence of nucleotide bases that code of the production of a specific protein

Protein

A sequence of amino acids bonded together and folded into a specific shape

RNA

RNA

messenger

M

transfer

T

ribosomal

R

Transcription

process of forming a messenger RNA molecule from a gene in DNA

Translation

Process of building a protein by reading the information in mRNA

Helicase

unwinds DNA

DNA Polymerase

matches bases to existing strands

Ligase

fills in any gaps in DNA

Replication fork

where DNA splits

Parental DNA

2 original strands

Daughter DNA

1 parental (template) strand. 1 daughter (replica) strand

DNA Replication

copying of DNA

Okazaki fragments

fragments that form along lagging strands

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

Deoxyribose Sugar

Part 1 of nucleotide

Phosphate

Part 2 of nucleotide

Nitrogen-containing base

Part 3 of nucleotide

Adenine

A

Thymine

T

Uracil

U

Cystocine

C

Guanine

G

parallel

ends of strands match

antiparallel

ends of strands are opposites

5’

phosphate ending/beginning

3’

OH enging/beginning