BSC2010 Lecture 13 Review

These flashcards focus on essential vocabulary and concepts related to general biology, particularly for topics covered in BSC2010 Lecture 13.

Common feature of living organisms

Characteristics such as composed of one or more cells, ability to extract energy, and convert environment molecules into biological molecules.

Biological organization

Levels of organization ranging from molecules to organ systems, with organ systems being the highest level.

Enzyme A and B relationship

An example of negative feedback regulation where the production of enzyme B inhibits enzyme A.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons; Oxygen has the greatest electronegativity among the choices provided.

Nonpolar covalent bond

A type of bond where electrons are shared equally; C–H is an example.

Functional groups and hydrogen bonding

Pairs like CH₃ and PO₃⁻ are least likely to form hydrogen bonds.

Exergonic reaction

A reaction where products have lower free energy than reactants, typically releasing energy.

Water's polarity

Water's characteristic that makes it an effective solvent for charged particles, relevant to nerve impulse transmission.

Transcribed RNA sequence

The RNA sequence that is complementary to a given DNA strand, based on base pairing rules.

Competitive inhibitor

A substance like sulfanilamide that competes with a substrate for enzymatic active site.

Phosphorylation of amino acids

Tyrosine, serine, threonine, and cysteine are commonly phosphorylated amino acids; cysteine is less commonly phosphorylated.

Primary active transport

Transport mechanism that moves solutes against their concentration gradient, requires ATP.

Membrane diffusion of carbon dioxide

CO₂ is nonpolar and crosses the membrane via simple diffusion.

Hydrolysis reaction

A reaction where complex molecules are broken down into simpler monomers, typically releasing energy.

Order of protein processing

Proteins are synthesized in the rough ER, packaged into vesicles, and sent to the Golgi apparatus.

Presence of receptor

The key difference between a target cell that responds to a signal and one that does not.

Three-dimensional structures of RNA

They're stabilized by hydrogen bonds when RNA folds onto itself.

Outputs of photosynthesis light reactions

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen are produced as outputs.

Hydroxyl groups and water solubility

Small molecules containing several hydroxyl groups are typically soluble in water.

Energy in hydrolysis reactions

During hydrolysis, the energy required to break bonds is typically less than that released during bond formation.

Membrane fluidity in fish

Fish in warmer waters will have lipids with fewer saturated fatty acids to maintain membrane fluidity.

Correct building blocks

Triglycerides are comprised of glycerol and fatty acids.

Nucleotide connections in RNA

Nucleotides in RNA are connected by covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates.

Alpha helix stabilization

Stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the N—H groups of one amino acid and the C=O groups of another.

Enzyme characteristics

Enzymes can undergo allosteric inhibition and affect activation energy but do not change the value of ΔG.

LDL receptor characteristics

The R groups in the membrane-embedded region of an LDL receptor are likely hydrophobic.

Osmosis in wilted plants

The revival of wilted plants is due to osmosis, where water enters plant cells.

Energy input in primary active transport

Primary active transport requires input energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Epinephrine injection effects

Decreased cAMP production is unlikely after epinephrine injection.

Benefits of signal transduction

Cascade of cellular events enhances signal amplification and distribution.

Inputs of cellular respiration

The two main inputs for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen.

True statement about cellular respiration

The citric acid cycle generates more NADH than pyruvate oxidation.

Ethanol production

The production of ethanol from pyruvate is a fermentation process in anaerobic respiration.

Dark reaction of photosynthesis

In the dark, the reduction of 3PG to G3P is halted due to the lack of ATP and NADPH.

Oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is reduced, and coenzymes are oxidized.

Endergonic and exergonic reactions

Exergonic reactions release energy and have a negative ∆G; endergonic reactions absorb energy and have a positive ∆G.

ATP generation

ATP generation occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.

Red blood cells energy production

Red blood cells rely on glycolysis for energy production due to the absence of mitochondria.

Reduced coenzyme distinction

cAMP is not a reduced coenzyme compared to others like FADH2, NADH, and NADPH.

Serine phosphorylation effect

After serine phosphorylation, the R group of the amino acid becomes charged.