Introduction of Ruminants

VEM 012

Animal Husbandry

Science and art of management

New stone

Where it started of domestication of animals agriculture and the beginning of animal husbandry.

Domestication

Came after the word of food cultivation

Dog and goats

are examples of ruminants that were among the first animals to be domesticated by humans.

Ruminants

are a group of mammals that primarily digest plant-based food through a unique stomach structure that ferments food before digestion.

Transportation and draft

Ruminants purpose

Sheep

cattle, which provide wool, milk, and meat for human use.

Cattle

Large domesticated ungulates raised for milk, meat, and labor, known for their digestive system that allows for fermentation of fibrous plant material.

Cud

A portion of food that ruminants regurgitate from the rumen back to the mouth for further chewing and digestive processing.

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

The four compartments of a ruminant's stomach, each playing a crucial role in the digestion of fibrous plant materials.

Rumen

The largest stomach compartment in ruminants, responsible for fermentation and initial breakdown of food before it moves to the other stomach compartments.

Reticulum

The second stomach compartment in ruminants, known for its honeycomb structure, where further fermentation occurs and small particles are separated for digestion.

Omasum

The third compartment of a ruminant's stomach, the omasum absorbs water and nutrients from digested food before it passes into the abomasum.

Abomasum

The fourth stomach compartment in ruminants, known as the true stomach, where the digestion of proteins takes place with the help of digestive enzymes and acids.

northern Mindanao

Top producer in ruminant Industry in the Philippines

Northern Mindanao, Central Visayas, Ilocos, Western Visayas,,SOCCSKARGEN

Top 5 regions in animal industry in the Philippines known for their contributions to livestock and ruminant production.

Food and nutrition security

refers to the availability and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets dietary needs for an active and healthy life. It is essential for the well-being of populations and impacts ruminant production.

source of manure

from ruminants, used as fertilizer for crops and improving soil health.

source of draught power

the ability of ruminants to assist in agricultural tasks, providing power for plowing, transportation, and other farm activities.

traditional pastoral systems

systems where communities rely on herding livestock for subsistence, often moving seasonally in search of grazing land and water.

Traditional agropastoral system

arid to semi-arid areas (400-600mm per annum)

ranch system

modern system, almost all zones

Selection

process of choosing livestock based on desired traits for improved productivity and adaptation.

8 months old

selection of bull/billy based on genetic potential for reproduction and growth.

yearling weight

weight of a calf at one year old, an important measurement for evaluating growth potential and management strategies in livestock.

Inbreeding

the mating of closely related individuals, which can increase the risk of genetic disorders but can also concentrate desirable traits.

Crossbreeding

the intentional mating of different breeds to enhance specific traits, improve genetic diversity, and increase productivity in livestock.

Hybrid Vigor

Advantages of Crossbreeding in breeding system

Upgrading

mating of purebred sires to non-descript or native females and their female offspring generation after generation

Terminal Crossing

a breeding system where crossbred offspring are not retained for breeding, but instead are sold for meat production.

rotational crossing

a breeding system involving the systematic rotation of sires to improve genetic diversity and performance.

Single cross

Simplest crossbreeding in Terminal Crossing

Three-way cross

F1 is mated to a third breed in Terminal Crossing

Rotational Crossing

requires retention of selected crosses for use in subsequent rotational breeding in each generation

Reciprocal backcrossing

another name of Crisscrossing

3 breed rotationan

The use of 3 pure breed sires is rotated in subsequent generations

Nutrition

he process of obtaining and using food for growth, metabolism, and repair.

Water

it is a basic nutrient in ruminants

Water

Cheapest of al the nutrients

4-5 L/day

average daily water intake of goats

10L/day

How many liters of water does a lactating goat needed in a day

Carbohydrates

source f energy and calories

Cellulose

it is in rich of fiber in carbohydrates

young plants

highly digestible and high level of energy in carbohydrates

Older plants

poorly digested and only hald the energy of carbohydrates

Protein

most expensive component in nutrition in ruminants

Amino acids

protein subunits; they are essential for building and repair of animal tissue

7%

minimum crude protein intake percentage

Fat

act as solvent for fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins

organic substance needed by the animal in small amount

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are soluble in fats and oils, which include Vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver, and they require dietary fat for proper absorption.

Vitamin A

this vitamin is only found only in animals in Fat soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D

A fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth

Vitamin C

A water-soluble vitamin important for immune function, skin health, and collagen synthesis

Vitamin B

A group of water-soluble vitamins essential for energy production, brain function, and cell metabolism. Includes B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin)

Mineral

Inorganic elements essential for life and health

Macromineral

mineral required in larger amount

micromineral

mineral required in traced amount

Calcium

Present in high concentration of leafy plants

Phospohorus

important in bone and teeth formation in micromineral

Magnesium

Mineral essential for muscle/nervous function, bone health, and energy production, found in greens, nuts, and whole grains.

Sodium

it is important in regulation of body fluid acid base balance and osmotic pressure

Chlorine

major anion in the body fluids

potassuim

An essential mineral that regulates fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve signals; found in fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

sulfur

interacts with other mineral (copper, molybdenum, selenium)

Iron

important in transport for CO2 from the tissue to lungs

Copper

key role in synthesis of several enzymes and pigmentation

Angora goats

this type of goat are more sensitive to copper toxicity than meat and dairy goats

Iodine

regulate energy and metabolism and reproductive system in micromineral

Pregnancy toxemia and reproductive problems (abortion, retained placenta)

Iodine Deficiency

Roughages

cheapest source of nutrients